大学英语四级语法（学习资料）

1、Prefixes: 1) Negative prefixes(否定) un-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/dis-/non-/a-(an-): not, the opposite of: unexpected, uncertain, inactive, incapable, impractical, irregular, irresponsible, (unrelated), illegal, illiterate, (literate, literal, literary), disloyal, non-nuclear, non-smoker, asymmetrical, anarchy

2、, anonymous Prefixes: 2) Reversative or privative prefixes（变反，反 义） un-: to reverse the action untie, unwrap, unfold, unseal, unhorse, unearth de-: to deprive of/to reverse action/ lower (down) defrost, debone, deforestation, devalue, descend (ascend), degrade (upgrade), demote (promote) dis-: to rev

3、erse the action disconnect Prefixes: 3) Pejorative prefixes（降格，转贬） mis-: wrongly, astray misinform, misleading, misunderstanding, misconduct, misspell, misprint, misread mal-: badly maltreat=mistreat=ill-treat, malodorous, malefactor (benefactor), malevolent (benevolent) pseudo-: false, imitation ps

4、eudo-democratic, pseudo-classic Prefixes: 4) Prefixes of degree or size（大小，程度） arch-: highest, worst arch-criminal, arch- enemy, archbishop, archangel super-: more than, above supernatural sub-: lower than, less than substandard out-: do-er than. outrun, outlive, outwork, outperform, outsmart (onese

5、lf) sur-: over and above surtax, surplus value over-: too much overeat, overdressed, over-estimate under-: too little under-estimate hyper-: extremely hypercritical Prefixes: 4) Prefixes of degree or size（大小，程度） ultra-: beyond, excessively ultraviolet infra-: below/base: infrastructure, infrared (im

6、aging) maxi-: large, long maxiskirt, maximum (maximal, maximize) mini-: little, small miniskirt, minimum (minimal, minimize) macro-: large macroeconomic micro-: small microscope Prefixes: 5) Locative prefixes（位置） super-: over superstructure sub-: beneath, less in rank subway, sublet, submarine hyper

7、-: over, above hypersonic, hypertension hypo-: under hypotension, hypothesis, hypodermic inter-: between, among interchange, interstate Prefixes: in-, im-, intra-/ intro-: into, inside input, import, introspect, introvert /extrovert/ ambivert e-, ex-, ec-, extra/o-: out, away output, export, emit (t

8、ransmit), external/ internal, exterior /interior, inner/ outer, extrosolar, eccentric trans-: across, from one place to another transplant, transfer, transport, transform dia-/via-: as for trans- diametre, viaduct ab-/seg-/de-/dis-: away, from abnormal, abduct, segregation, detach, distract ad-/ag-/

9、at-: toward, with addict, aggragation, attach, attract Prefixes: 6) Prefixes of attitude（态度） co-, col-, com-, con-, cor-, sym-, syn-: with, joint co-chair, collaboration, commemorate, conference, correlate, sympathy (apathy=antipathy), synchronize pro-: in support of, on the side of: pro-communist c

10、ounter-, contr-, anti-: against counteract (react, interact, transact), contrast, anti-social Prefixes: 7) Prefixes of time and order（时间，顺序） fore-, pre-: before foretell, predict, foreknowledge, forefather, forecast, forehead, pre-school, prewar post-: after postwar, postmarital ex-: former ex-presi

11、dent, ex-wife re-: again, back return, resettlement Prefixes: 8) Number prefixes（数字） semi-/hemi-: half semicircle, hemisphere uni-/mono-: one unilateral, unanimaous, monograph, monogamy, monoxide, monotheism bi-/di-: two bigamy, dioxide, bi-lateral tri-: three triangle, triple quadr-/tetra-: four qu

12、adruple, tetrametre quinqu-/ penta-: five quinquagenarian, pentagon, pentathlon sex-/hexa-: six sextet, hexametre sept-: seven septangle, septathlon, september oct-: eight octagon, octopus, october Prefixes: 8) Number prefixes（数字） nona-/nov-: nine nonagon, november dec-: ten decimal, decathlon, deca

13、de centi-(100 or 1%) centigrade, centimetre, centennium hecto-:100 hectometre milli/e-:1000 or 1 millennium, millimetre, milliped kilo-: 1000 kilometre poly-/ multi-: many polygamy, polytheism, multi-lateral, multiple, multiped Prefixes: 9) Conversion prefixes（转类） be-: adjv./nv. belittle, bewitch, b

14、efriend, becalm, behead de-: nv. debug, deform en-: nv. endanger, encourage, enslave un-: nv. unearth, unhorse anti-: nadj. antiwar, anti-aircraft inter-: nadj. inter-state pre-: nadj. pre-school, prewar post-:nadj postwar, postliberation Prefixes: 10) Other prefixes auto-: self autobiography, autom

15、atic neo-: new, revived neofascism, neo-Darwinism pan-: all, worldwide pan-American(Airways), pan-Africanist proto-: first, original prototype, protolanguage vice-: deputy vice-president ambi-: both ambiguous, ambivert, ambidextrous homo-:the same homosexual, homogeneous hetero-: other, different he

16、terosexual, heterogeneous, heteroatom mid-/med-: middle midstream, (the) Mediterranean Suffixes: noun suffixes a. the formed noun refers to a person or thing -ster/-eer gangster, youngster, profiteer, engineer, pioneer -er/-or/-ar driver, villager, banker, officer, Londoner,stranger, actor, beggar,

17、liar -ee (passive) trainee, exaininee, refugee, referee -ess (female) lioness, waitress, tigress, princess -ant/-ent inhabitant, resident -ese/-an/-ian Chinese, American,physician -ist socialist, violinist -crat democrat, bureaucrat Suffixes: noun suffixes b. the formed noun refers to abstractness (

18、status, condition, domain, state, system) -hood boyhood, neighborhood -ship friendship, dictatorship, scholarship, swordsmanship, horsemanship, craftsmanship -dom freedom, stardom, wisdom -ocracy democracy -ry slavery, nunnery, refinery, machinery, jewelry, cutlery, weaponry, pottery -ance/-ence imp

19、ortance, confidence -ity sincerity, maturity, severity Suffixes: noun suffixes -ness consciousness, carelessness -ics/-logy statistics, psychology, archeology, biology, anthropology, seismology, geology, theology -sure pressure -ture mixture, texture -ism Darwinism, formalism -age shortage, drainage

20、, percentage -y difficulty, victory Suffixes: noun suffixes c. the formed noun refers to an act -ion/-tion/-sion/-ssion invitation, decision, persuasion, invasion, pervasion, permission, admission, emission, transmission -ment movement, achievement -al refusal, arrival, approval, dismissal, withdraw

21、al -ing building, driving Suffixes: noun suffixes d. the formed noun refers to smallness -en kitten, chicken -et(te) cigaret(te), kitchenet(te), usherette, packet -ling duckling -let piglet, booklet, leaflet -eme morpheme, sememe -on electron, neutron Suffixes: noun suffixes e. the formed noun refer

22、s to a place -ary library -ery refinery, nunnery -ory factory, dormitory -ium aquarium, auditorium, solarium Suffixes: adjective suffixes -ful (affirmative) careful, useful -less (negative) careless, useless -ly friendly, cowardly, manly, womanly -y sunny, icy, hairy, leafy -en woolen, wooden, earth

23、en -like childlike -ish (like, about, somewhat) childish, girlish, womanish, thirtyish, yellowish, youngish -esque (like) picturesque -(i)an Darwinian, American -ese Japanese -ist socialist, capitalist Suffixes: adjective suffixes -al economical, historical, criminal, sensual, sensational -ic econom

24、ic, historic -ive sensitive, respective -ous sensuous, advantageous, virtuous, famous, contemptuous -ed respected,pleased, pointed, talented, experienced, gifted, skilled, heated -ite definite, opposite -some tiresome, troublesome -able/-ible (passive) sensible, respectable (respectful) Suffixes: ad

25、jective suffixes regretful-regretable, forgetful-forgetable destructive-destructible, defensive-defensible envious-enviable, comparative-comparable, comprehensive-comprehensible, considerate-considerable, credulous-credible exhausted-exhausting-exhaustive-exhaustible imaginary-imaginative-imaginable

26、 tense-intense-intensive-extensive momentary-momentous, temporary-temporal tolerant-tolerable Suffixes: verb suffixes -ize/-ise/-yze/-yse modernize, analyze, hypothesize -en soften, lengthen, heighten, strengthen -ify beautify, simplify, verify=testify=justify -ate excavate, evaporate(vaporize) Suff

27、ixes: adverb suffixes -ly happily, wholly, duly, solely, carefully, scientifically, publicly -ward (in the direction of): upward, stationward -wise (in the direction of, as far as concerned): anti-clockwise, weatherwise, moneywise, manpowerwise Commonly-used roots: 1) agr- (field) agriculture 2) alt

28、er- (other) alternative, alternate, alterable, alterative 3) am- (love) amicable (友善的), amiable （和爱的） 4) ann-/enn- (year) annual, centennial, millennial 5) aqua-/hydra- (water) subaquatic, aqueduct, aquarium, hydrant, carbohydrate Commonly-used roots: 6) aster-/astro-/stell- (star) astronomy, asteri

29、sk, stellar 7) audi-/phon-/son-/voc- (sound, listen, hear) (in-)audible, auditorium, audio-visual, symphony, sonorous (响亮的), unequivocal=clear 8) bio- (life) biology, biochemistry 9) card-/cord-/psych- (heart) cardiogram, cordial, psychology, psychiatric (精神的，心理的) Commonly-used roots: 10) cede-/ceed

30、-/cess (go, yield) recede, recession (退出), precede, proceed, process, procedure, precedent, unprecedented, access/ (in-)accessible, concede (concession承认,让步), antecedent, succeed, successive, succession, successor (predecessor), exceed, excessive 11) chrom- (color) chromosome (染色体) 12) chron-/temp-

31、(time) chronological, synchronize, temporary, temporal 13) cide- (kill) suicide, bactericide （杀菌剂） Commonly-used roots: 14) corp- (body) corporation, corporal (bodily), incorporate 15) cred- (believe) credible, credulous, credit card 16) demo- (people) demography, democracy 17) derm- (skin) dermatit

32、is (皮肤炎), hypodermic 18) dict-/dic-/loqu-/loc- (speak) predict, contradict (contradiction, contradictory),dictatorship, benediction (祝福), malediction(恶语,诽谤), eloquent (雄辩), elocution (雄辩术), soliloquy Commonly-used roots: 19) duc-/duct- (lead) educate, produce, introduce, deduce, induce,seduce (诱惑),

33、viaduct, abduct, aqueduct, conductor, semi- conductor, conductivity 20) fac-/fic-/fect-/-fy (do, make) factory, beneficial, beautify 21) form-/morph- (form, shape) transform, formula, morphology Commonly-used roots: 22) gen- (cause, race, origin) generate (generation, generator), regenerate (再生,新生),

34、 degenerate (退化,堕落), genetics, genesis (起 源,创世纪), 23) geo- (earth) geography, geology, geothermal 24) grad-/gress- (step) degrade, upgrade, graduate, progress, digress, congress, aggress/ aggression/ aggressive Commonly-used roots: 25) gram-/graph-/scrib-/script- ( write, writing) telegram=telegraph

35、, photograph, phonograph describe(description/ descriptive), prescribe(prescription/ prescriptive), subscribe (subscription预订), ascribe.to.(把.归于), inscribe (inscription), scribble, postscript, manuscript, conscription (征兵,征集) 26) greg- (flock, gather) aggregate (集合), congregate, segregate 27) magn-

36、(great) magnify, magnifier, magnificent Commonly-used roots: 28) manu- (hand) manual, manufacture 29) mort- (death) mortal, immortal, mortality 30) neur- (brain, nerve) neurolinguistics, neurosurgery 31) onom-/onym- (name) onomastic (名字的, 签名的), anonymous 32) opt-/phot- (light, sight) optics, photoge

37、nic (发光的), photography 33) path- (feeling, suffering) sympathy (sympathetic), apathy=antipathy, pathetic (情感的,可怜的), empathy (移情,神入,同感), pathology Commonly-used roots: 34) ped- (foot) expedition, pedestrian, pedlar, peddle, impede (impediment 妨碍,阻碍) 35) port- (carry) portable, export, import, deport,

38、 transport, support 36) sec-/seg-/sect- (cut) transect (横切), segment （切片）, secant (切的) Commonly-used roots: 37) sol- (sun) solar, parasol (阳伞) 38) lun- (moon) lunar, lunatic 39)spec-/spect-/vid-/vis- (look, see) evident, vision, visionary, visualize, visible, invisible, revise, revision, spectator,

39、respect, inspect, perspective, prospect, introspection, retrospection, Commonly-used roots: 40) therm- (heat) thermometer, geothermal 41) theo/i- (god) atheism, monotheism, polytheism, theology 42) gamo/y- (marriage) monogamy, bigamy, polygamy 43) vers-/vert-/volv- (turn) reverse, extrovert, introve

40、rt, ambivert, revolve, involve, evolve 44) viv-/vit- (live) survive, revive, vivid, vivacious, vital, revitalize , vitamin, vivisection Commonly-used roots: 45) vene-/vent- (go, walk) convene (convention集合,常规), conventional, intervene (插入, 干预), adventure, advent (到来) 46) cur- (happen) current, curre

41、ncy, occur, recur, concur (共时发生), incur (招致,遭受), occurrence, recurrent, concurrence 47) part- (部分,分离) depart (departure), impart (给予,透露), apartment (公寓 房间), compartment (分隔间), partial, impartial, impartiality, particle, counterpart, participate, participation, participant, participatory Commonly-use

42、d roots: 48) sid-/sis- (sit) reside, resident, preside (over the meeting主持), president, subside (下沉,平息,坐下), dissident (政见不 一者), assiduous (勤奋的), assist, assistance, assistant, persist in, persistence, persistent; insist on, insistence 49) tain- (持续) sustainable development, sustained efforts, detain

43、 (扣押, 拘留), detainee, maintain=retain 50) sent-/sens-(will, sense) assent, dissent, consensus, nonesense, sensational Commonly-used roots: 51) press-(压) impress, impression, impressive; depress, depressed, depressing, depression; express, expression, expressive; pressure, compress (浓缩,压缩), suppress=o

44、ppress 52) mov-/mot-/mob- (move) movement, remove, removal, remote, promote-demote, mobile, mobilize (动员), motive, motivation, automobile, automotive Commonly-used roots: 53) miss-/mit- (send) missile, dismiss, remit (提交,移交), commit, admit, permit, submit (提交, 顺从), mission, missionary (传教士的), emit,

45、transmit Infer the meaning of words besides word structure 1) according to the context: A good fireman expects no particular kudo for saving someones life. My motto is, “Contented with little, yet wishing for more.” Infer the meaning of words besides word structure 2) according to definition and exp

46、lanation: A pamphlet is a short essay or treatise, usually on a current topic, issued a separate publication. The man sold a panacea that was said to be good for relieving stomach distress, headaches, fever, muscular disorders, seasickness and many other diseases. Mr Doodle is always busy in an inef

47、fectual way; he spends hours running around doing nothing. Mary impressed her teachers because she was polyglot-i.e., she could speak French, Italian, Russian and Cantonese fluently. Infer the meaning of words besides word structure 2) according to definition and explanation: A neurosis is the psych

48、ological term for a mental disorder that may produce depression or abnormal behavior. My aunt talks constantly about anything, even for hours; her garrulous nature drives the family crazy. The computer companys profits increased drastically; obviously, the owners had found a lucrative business. His

49、intellectual knowledge was not innate; he had developed it through his education. Infer the meaning of words besides word structure 2) according to definition and explanation: The couples wealth was evident in their lovely, expensive home, its formal garden and swimming pool, and the Mercedes in the

50、 driveway; the neighbors envied the couples affluence. Although the salesman was well dressed, charming, and articulate, he was a charlatan; that is, he falsely declared himself an expert on the subject. Infer the meaning of words besides word structure 3) according to different sense relations: Ant

51、onymy: If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”. Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. The major points of your paln are clear to me, but the details are still hazy. Infer the meaning of words besides word structure 3) according to different sense relations: Synonymy: The par

52、adoxa seeming contradictionis that we were too busy to decide if there was anything we could about the problem of being too busy. Hyperbole, or overstatement, is simply exaggeration or grandiloquence. Mother was tall, fat and midlle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plu

53、mp as Mother, and much shorter. Infer the meaning of words besides word structure 3) according to different sense relations: Hyponymy: People have always respected such universal virtues as good will, courage, honesty and responsibility. Cause and effect: The argument is fallacious in that it is bas

54、ed on false premises. 考研题举例 (2008) This group generally do well in IQ test, scoring (attaining, reaching, calculating) 12-15 above the mean (normal, common, total) value of 100, and have contributed _ to the intellectual and cultural life of the west, as the careers (missions, fortunes, interests) o

55、f their elites, including several world-renowned scienticists affirm (witness, observe, approve). A. unconsciously B. disproportionately C. indefinitely D. unaccountably 2. (2007) By 1830 the former Spanish and Portugese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million _ of these nati

56、ons looked hopefully (confusedly, cheerfully, worriedly) to the future. A. natives B. inhabitants C. peoples D. individuals 考研题举例 3. (2006) Many others, while (when, once, whereas) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday _ skills needed to turn their lives around (over, on, up). A. li

57、fe B. survival C. existence D. maintenance 考研题举例 4. (2006) Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. A. complex B. comprehensive C. complementary D. compensating 5. (2006) As (So, Since, Thus) Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bently College in Massachusetts, puts (interprets, assumes, makes) it, “There has to be _ of programs. What we need is a package deal.” A. supervision B