Non-verbal Communication

1、I. Definitions of Nonverbal communication非言语交际的定义非言语交际的定义 Everything except the actual words we apply in our communication, such as the looks on our face, the way we speak, the gestures we employ, the direction of our gaze, the extent to which we touch. They all send messages to the people we are ta

2、lking to. Nonverbal messages are generally classified into two categories: those that primarily produced by the body behaviors produced by speakers and uses of the spatial or temporal setting by speakers.Key Terms Nonverbal communication 非言语交际 非言语交际是指不用言语，而是通过面部表情、手势、眼神、身体的运动以及对时空的态度来进行的沟通。 Repeatin

3、g: nonverbal behaviors can be used in order to emphasize or clarify the verbal message. Contradicting: nonverbal behaviors can convey contradictory meaning which is opposite to that of the verbal message. Substituting: nonverbal behavior can replace verbal behavior to convey certain meaning. Accenti

4、ng: nonverbal behavior can be used to add force to verbal message. Complementing: It means that nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal messages to reinforce the information. Regulating: It means that nonverbal behavior can regulate the flow of communication. II. Functions of Nonverbal Com

5、munication 非言语交际的功能非言语交际的功能 GlossaryII. Body language (Kinesics) 体态语 Postures 姿势姿势 the sitting posture Squatting Shrugging ones shoulders stamp foot Standing with arms akimbo Gestures 手势手势thumbs-up sign thumb down the “OK” sign the V sign good luck sign the single finger beckon Facial expressionSmil

6、ing and laughing Showing anger Key Terms Kinesics/Body language 身势语/体态语 体态语指的是传递交际信息的表情和动作。它包括身体的各部位所产生的非言语行为，包括面部表情，姿势，手势，眼神交流等等。 GlossaryGlossaryComprehension Questions1. How does posture communicate different messages? Use specific examples to illustrate your answer.2. How many gestures can you n

7、ame? What is the meaning of each gesture?3. How do westerns show their anger? III. Eye contact 眼神交会 In America, eye contact is one of the most important nonverbal cues in society. You are expected to meet other peoples gazes when you communicate. In Japan, to look someone in the eye is rude, because

8、 it is invading someones space. In Chinese culture, people who are engaged in interpersonal communication will not look directly into others eyes, especially when the youth talk to the old or the subordinate talk to his superior. Eye contact varies in diverse cultures. In the United States, the aver

9、age length of eye contact is 2. 95 seconds, and the average length of time two people gaze at each other is 1.18 seconds (Argyle, 1998; Argyle & Ingham, 1972). Key Terms eye contact 眼神交会 眼神交会是是通过眼神、目光等传达信息，表达思想感情，是人们非常重要的非言语交际手段GlossaryComprehension Questions1. Use examples to illustrate what the ey

10、e communicate in different cultures. Touch, or Haptics, refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. When used properly, touch can create feelings of warmth and trust; when used improperly, touch can betray trust and cause annoyance. According to the degree of touching, it can be divid

11、ed into contact culture and low-contact culture. IV. Body Touch 身体接触 Contact cultures displays considerable interpersonal closeness or immediacy, and people in these countries stand close and touch often (Hall, 1966). People in low contact cultures tend to stand apart and touch less. IV. Body Touch

12、身体接触 Hand-shaking 握手 Hugging and kissing 拥抱和亲吻IV. Body Touch 身体接触Key Terms Touch/Haptics接触 接触语是一种复杂的非言语符号系统, 通过人们在交际过程中身体部位是否接触及接触的方式和程度, 能表达彼此间相互关系的信息,而且存在着巨大的跨文化差异。 Contact culture接触性文化/Low-contact culture低接触文化 根据身体接触的多少,分为接触性文化和低接触文化。接触性文化中，人们相互之间关系亲密，因而身体的接触较多。接触文化包括大部分阿拉伯国家，地中海地区（包括法国、希腊、意大利），欧

13、洲及中东的犹太民族，东欧及俄罗斯人、印尼人及西班牙血统的民族等。低接触文化的人们关系趋于冷淡，接触相对较少。低接触文化包括北欧大部、德国、英国和美国的盎格鲁-撒克逊族人以及日本人。澳大利亚人居于两者之间。Key TermsGlossaryComprehension Questions Identify the different ways people use touch to convey messages to others in different cultures.2. What is contact culture/low-contact culture?V. Spatial lan

14、guage 空间语言 Spatial language, or proxemics, is the study of the way that people use physical space to convey message. Four zones of personal space Intimate zone (no distance to 18inches), showing the intimacy between the two communicators. It is only possible for the closest relation, for instance, w

15、ithin couples, with ones parents, or children. Personal zone (18 inches to 4 feet), is used for talking with close friends, acquaintances, and relatives. Social zone (4 to 12 feet). People who work together, doing business together, or those in conversation at social gathering tend to keep a social

16、distance. Public zone (12-25 feet), it is used when speaking in public or giving a talk to group. V. Spatial language 空间语言Key Terms Spatial language /Proxemics 空间语言空间语言，就是人们利用空间表达某种思想信息的一种社会语言。 1 inch=2.54 cm 1 feet=12 inches Intimate ZoneIntimate Zone亲密距离亲密距离/ Personal Zone/ Personal Zone个人距离个人距离/

17、/ Social Zone Social Zone社会距离社会距离/ Public Zone/ Public Zone公共距离公共距离 美国人类学家Edward T. Hall把个人之间的距离分为四种：亲密距离、个人距离、社会距离和公众距离。亲密距离，从没有距离到18英寸，表现出接触者的亲密。这种距离通常发生在关系亲密的人之间，如夫妻、情人之间，与父母或子女之间。个人距离，从18英寸到4英尺，朋友、熟人之间，或者亲戚之间交通是通常保持这个距离。社会距离，从4英尺到12英尺。同事之间，业务伙伴之间，或者社交场合的人们通常保持这个距离。公共距离，从12英尺到25英尺，通常在公众场合的演讲或对一群人

18、讲话时保持这个距离。Key TermsGlossary How does the way a culture perceives and uses space communicate messages to others?2. Use examples to explain the peoples different attitude towards office space.Comprehension QuestionsVI. Temporal language 时间语言 Temporal language, or chronemics, refers to the way in which time is used in a culture. The use of time is related to how people look at time. The two of the most important time systems that relate to international business are Monochronic time(M-time) and Polychronic time(P-time).VI. Temporal lang