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1、动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentWuhan Institute of Shipbuilding TechnologyPower Engineering DepartmentLuobin动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentLesson 15 Marine Pumps 第15课 船用泵动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA pump is a machine used to raise liquids from a low point to a high point. Alt
2、ernatively(换句话说) it may simply(仅仅) provide the liquid with an increase in energy enabling it to flow or build up a pressure. The pumping action can be achieved in various ways (依照) the type of pump employed. The arrangement of (管路), the liquid to be pumped and its purpose will (产生) certain system re
3、quirements or characteristics that must be (满足) by the pump. 泵是用来把液体从低处提升到高处的机械。换句话说,泵仅仅是给液体增加能量以便能够使之流动或者建立压力。 依照所用泵的型号不同,泵吸过程可以通过不同的途径来实现。管路布置、需要泵送的液体,以及其目的将产生特定的系统需要或特性,这些都要由泵来满足。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentPump typesThere are three main classes of pump in marine use: displacement pump(
4、容积式泵,柱塞泵), axial flow pump(轴流泵) and centrifugal pump(离心泵). A number of different arrangements are possible for displacement and centrifugal pumps to meet particular system characteristics. 泵的类型船用泵主要有三种类型:容积式泵、轴流泵和离心泵。对于容积式泵和离心泵来说,为了满足特殊的系统性能,许多不同的结构布置都是有可能的。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department单缸单
5、作用单缸双作用三缸三作用(曲柄夹角120 )双缸四作用(曲柄夹角90 )动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department 单作用叶片泵 双作用叶片泵动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department 离心泵动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentDisplacementDisplacement pumps are those where the (容积) of the (泵腔) is (交替地) increased to draw the liquid in from the (吸入管) and then
6、 decreased to force the liquid out into the (输出管). A reciprocating displacement pump is shown (用图例地) in Fig.15-1, to (说明) the operating principle. 容积式泵容积式泵的泵腔容积交替变化,容积增加以便从吸入管吸入液体,且容积减少以便排出液体到排出管。 图图15-1为往复泵的工作原理示意图。为往复泵的工作原理示意图。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe pump is double acting, that i
7、s liquid is admitted to either side of the piston where it is alternately drawn in and discharged. As the piston moves upwards, suction takes place below the piston and liquid is drawn in the (活门装置,即出口阀、进口阀) ensuring that the (排出阀,出口阀) cannot open on the (吸入行程). 该泵是往复式的,液体可以进入活塞的两侧,并交替吸排。 当活塞向上运动时,抽
8、吸在活塞下方出现,且液体通过活门装置吸入,以确保吸入行程中排出阀不能打开。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentAbove the piston, liquid is discharged and the (吸入阀) remains closed. As the piston travels down, the operations of suction and discharge occur now on opposite sides.在活塞上方时液体被排出,且吸入阀保持关闭。当活塞向下运动时,吸排动作相反。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engine
9、ering DepartmentSuction valve closedPiston moving upwardsDischarge valve open Air vesselLiquid discharge Liquid suction Suction valve open Discharge valve closed Diagrammatic reciprocating displacement pump 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentAn (空气室) is usually fitted in the (排出管路) to (消除,抑制) out
10、 the s(压力波动) during discharge. As the discharge pressure rises the air compressed in the vessel, and as the pressure falls the air expands.当(管路中)排出压力升高时空气在空气室中压缩,并且当(管路中)压力降低时,(空气室中的)气体会膨胀。 在排出管路上,通常安装有空气室以抑制排放期间(液体的)压力波动。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe (最高的) (压力能) is thus stored in the a
11、ir and returned to the system when the pressure falls.Air vessels are not fitted on s(往复式锅炉给水泵) since they may introduce air into the (除去空气的) feed water. 由于(空气室的存在)可能会给经过除气的给水引入空气,空气室不安装在往复式锅炉给水泵上。 因而,最高的压力能被“储存”在(空气室中的压缩)空气内,并且当(系统的)压力降低时又把这部分压力能重新释放到系统中。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA (安全
12、阀) is always fitted between the pump s(吸入腔室) to protect the pump should it be operated with in the discharge line. Reciprocating displacement pumps are (自吸的), will accept high s(吸入升程), produce the (排出压力) required by the system and can handle large amounts of (蒸汽) or es(夹带的空气). 往复泵是自吸的,能承担较大的吸入升程,产生系
13、统要求的排出压力,并能够输送大量的蒸汽或夹带的空气。 如果往复泵在卸荷管路运行,安全阀始终安装在泵的吸入腔室之间以保护往复泵。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThey are however (复杂的) in construction with a number of moving parts requiring (保养) and (维护). When starting the pump the suction and discharge valves must be opened. It is important that no valves in
14、 the discharge line are closed, otherwise either the (安全阀) will (开启) or damage may occur to the pump when it is started. 当起动泵的时候,吸入阀和排出阀必须打开。这点很重要,在起动时排出管上没有阀被关闭,否则安全阀会开启或者可能会对泵造成损伤。 但是,往复泵结构复杂,具有许多需要保养和维护的运动部件。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe pump is (自吸的), but where possible to reduce (磨损
15、) or the risk of (卡住) it should (注满) liquid before starting. An (电动泵) needs only to be ed(合闸), when it will run (不稳定地) for a short period until liquid is drawn into the pump. 电动泵只需合闸,短期内泵会不稳定运行,直到有液体被吸入到泵内。 往复泵是自吸的,但是为了尽可能减少磨损或者卡住的风险,起动前应注满液体。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA (蒸汽泵) will requi
16、re the usual draining and warming through procedure before steam is gradually admitted.Most of the moving parts in the pump will require examination during (检修). The pump piston, rings and cylinder liner must also be thoroughly checked. 在检修时,泵中的大多数运动部件需要(仔细)检查。泵的活塞、活塞环和缸套也必须彻底地检查。在蒸汽逐渐进入(蒸汽泵)之前,蒸汽泵需
17、要正常的放残和完整的暖机程序。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Departments(凸台) will eventually(最终) develop at the limits of the piston ring travel and these must be removed. The suction and discharge valves must be d(重修表面) or (grind in,研磨) as required. 最终在活塞环行程达到极限(位置)时凸台形成,并且这些凸台必须除掉。如果需要的话,吸入阀和排出阀必须进行重修表面或者研磨。 动力工程系
18、动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentTwo different rotary displacement pumps are shown in Fig. 15-2. The action in each case results in the trapping of a quantity of liquid (or air) in the volume or space which becomes smaller at the discharge or outlet side. It should be noted that the liquid does not
19、pass between the screw(螺纹) or gear teeth(齿轮) as (啮合) but travels between casing and the teeth. 应该注意的是当螺杆泵、齿轮泵啮合的时候,液体不是经过螺纹间或者齿轮间流动,而是经壳体和齿轮之间通过。 图15-2是两种不同结构的回转式容积泵。每一个腔室的作用使得一些液体(或者气体)聚集在其中,然后在排出口或者出口侧腔室的体积变小。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe starting procedure is similar to for the recip
20、rocating displacement pump. Again a relief valve(安全阀) will be fitted between suction and discharge chambers. The particular maintenance problem with this type of pump is the (轴封) where the (填料压盖) and (填料) arrangement must (适用于) . 这类泵的特殊维护问题是轴封,而且填料压盖和填料的布置必须适用于具体的泵。 起动程序和往复泵类似。同样有一个安全阀安装在吸入腔和排出腔之间。
21、动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Departmentthe+形容词 使形容词名词化,相当于复数的普通名词,表示一类人或物。例如: the young青年the old老年 the poor穷人the rich富人 the sick病人动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Departmentthe+过去分词 1. 表示一类人。例如: the living 活着的人 2.表示某种情况的人。例如: the wounded伤员 3. 的事 the unexpected 出乎预料的事 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department
22、The rotating (叶片) type will suffer wear(磨损) at a rate depending upon the liquid pumped and its (自由度) from the (磨蚀性的) or (腐蚀性的) substances. The (螺杆泵) must be correctly d(定时) and if ped(拆开) for inspection care should be taken to (装配) the screws correctly. 螺杆泵必须精确配合,如果拆开检查,必须十分小心地安装螺杆(组装)。 叶轮泵的磨损速度(磨损率
23、)取决于所泵送的液体,以及液体中所含磨蚀物或腐蚀物的自由度。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentCentrifugal pumpCentrifugal pumps are those wherein an (叶轮) throws the liquid by (离心力) from the center to the (周围) of the impeller where the liquid is discharged through the (排出口). 离心泵离心泵泵内装有一个高速旋转的叶轮,并利用离心力将液体从叶轮的中心甩向四周,然后从排出口排出。
24、动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA vertical(直立的), single stage(单级的), single entry(单侧吸入的), centrifugal pump for general marine duties is shown in Fig. 15-3. The (机架) and (壳体), together with a motor (支架), house(给做外罩) the (泵件) assembly(组件). 泵的机架和壳体与马达(电动机)的支架做
25、成一体,以便给泵件的组件做外罩。 图15-3为普通船用直立的、单级的、单侧吸入式离心泵。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe (泵件) is made up of a (端盖), a (泵轴), an (叶轮), a (轴瓦) and a (密封装置) around the shaft. The sealing arrangement may be a (填料函)or a (机械轴封) and the bearing lubrication system will vary according to (根据)the type of seal. 密
26、封装置可以是填料函式或机械轴封式,轴承润滑系统根据密封装置的类型而不同。 泵件由端盖、泵轴、叶轮、轴瓦和套在轴上的密封装置组成。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department(可更换的) s(磨损环) are fitted to the (叶轮) and the (壳体). The motor (支架) has two large apertures(孔) to provide (通道) to the (泵件), and a (耦合垫片) is fitted between the motor and pump shaft to enable the (拆卸)
27、of the pumping element without ing(妨碍) the motor.马达的支架有两个大孔,它是通向泵件的通道,而且耦合垫片安装在马达和泵轴之间,以便在不妨碍马达的情况下拆卸泵件。 可更换的磨损环分别安装在叶轮和壳体上。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentOther configurations(结构) of centrifugal pumps are used for particular duties or to (满足) system requ
28、irements. A (直立的) (单级的) (双侧吸入的) centrifugal pump is shown in Fig. 15-4.The incoming liquid enters the double impeller from the top and the bottom and passes into the (蜗壳) for discharge. 图15-4为直立的、单级的、双侧吸入式离心泵。液体经双叶轮的上下两侧进入叶轮,并进入蜗壳,以便排出。 其他结构的离心泵用于特殊任务或用来满足系统需要。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department
29、A double entry pump has a lower (Net Positive Suction Head ,净正吸入水头,汽蚀余量 )required characteristic which will have advantages in poor suction conditions. It should be noted that different impeller sizes can be fitted into a basic pumping element. This enables various (排压特性) to be provided for the same
30、 basic (泵架).这允许不同的排压特性,以提供给相同的基本的泵架。 双侧吸入泵具有较低的NPSH,它有所需的特性,在吸入条件较差的情况下具有较大优势。应当注意的是,不同尺寸的叶轮可以安装在基本的泵件上。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA (直立的) (多级的) (单侧吸入的) centrifugal pump used for (深井) (货油泵) is shown in Fig. 15-5. This can a series of centrifugal pumps arranged to supply one another in se
31、ries and thus (逐渐地) increase the (排出压力). 它可以看作是一连串的离心泵,一个接一个连续地吸入液体,因此可逐渐地提高排出压力。 图15-5为用于深井货油泵的直立的、多级的、单侧吸入式离心泵。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe pump drive is located outside the tank and can be electric, hydraulic or any (恰当的) means (适合的) the location(手动控制). A diffuser (导叶形扩散器,导轮)is fitt
32、ed to s. This is a ring(环形物) fixed to the casing(壳体), around the impeller(叶轮), in which there are passages(通道) formed by vanes(叶片). 高压离心泵安有导轮。导轮是安装在包围叶轮的泵壳上的环形物,并有许多叶片组成的通道。 泵的驱动装置安装在油箱的外面,并且可以是电动的、液压的,或者是其他任何适合手动控制的恰当方法。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe passagesn (扩散) in the direction of l
33、iquid flow and act to the (动能)of the liquid (压力能). Hydraulic balance arrangements are also usual. 液压平衡装置也是常见的。 通道沿着液体流动的方向逐渐扩散,它能够将液体的动能转换为液体的压力能。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentSome of the high pressure discharge liquid is directed against a (套筒) or piston arrangement(活塞装置) to balance the di
34、scharge liquid pressure on the impeller and thus maintain it in an (平衡位置). 一部分高压排出液体会被引入套筒或活塞装置来平衡排出液体作用在叶轮上的(轴向)压力,由此保持其在平衡位置。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentCentrifugal pumps, while being suitable for most general marine duties, are not self priming and require some means of removing air fr
35、om the suction pipeline and filling it with liquid. Where the liquid is at a level higher than the pump, opening an air cock(放气阀) near the pump suction will enable the air to be forced out as the pipeline fills up under the (重力作用). 如果要泵的液体处在高于泵的位置,那么就可以打开吸入管附近的放气阀,通过重力作用液体就可以在灌满吸入管时把管路里的气体驱赶出去。 离心泵在
36、船上的用途很广泛,但是它不是没有自吸的,需要利用一些方法排除来自吸入管路的空气,使之充满液体。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentIf the pump is below sea water level and sea water priming is permissible(允许的)(允许的) in the system, then opening a sea water injection valve and the air cock on the pump will effect priming. Alternatively an air pum
37、ping unit can be provided to individual pumps or as a central priming system connected to several pumps.也可以给单个泵安装一个空气泵,或者把所有工作在泵连接在中央灌注系统上来实现灌注。 如果泵安装在海水面以下,就可以直接用海水灌注,打开海水吸入阀和泵上的放气阀就可以实现灌注。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe water ring or liquid ring pri
38、mer can be arranged as an individual unit mounted on the pump and driven by it, or as a motor driven unit mounted separately and serving several pumps. The primer consists of an elliptical casing in which a vane rotor revolves.引水泵也可以同时服务于多个离心泵。引水泵的泵壳为椭圆形,叶片转子在其内部回转。引水水环泵或液环泵安装在离心泵上,可以通过离心泵驱动,也可以用一个单
39、独的马达来驱动。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentSystem is connected to the air inlet ports and the suction line is thus primed by the removal of air. The air removed from the system is discharged to atmosphere. A reservoir of water is provided to replenish the water ring when necessary. 必要时储液器里的存水可向泵
40、内补水。 引水系统与空气入口部位相连,吸入管路通过排出空气实现引水。从引水系统抽出的空气直接排到大气中。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentWhen starting a centrifugal pump the suction valve is opened and the discharge valve left shut: then the motor is started and the priming unit will prime the suction line. Once the pump is primed the delivery
41、valve can be slowly opened and the quantity of liquid can be regulated by opening or closing the delivery valve. 一旦引水成功,就可以慢慢开启排出阀,液体的排出量可以通过开大关小排出阀进行调节。 当起动离心泵时,吸入阀开启、排出阀关闭:马达起动后,引水单元开始为吸入管引水。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentWhen stopping the pump the delivery valve is closed and the motor stopped. Regular maintenance on the machine will involve at
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