Europeandrivinglicence欧洲驾照准驾车型

1、Europea n driv ing lice neeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis is for the driv ing lice nee inEurope , For the computer literacy certificati on, seeEuropea n Computer Drivi ngLice nee .A A 50 cm1km/li* z snufAl Amv 125 cm* max. kWj nux. M km/h 3 51. 750 kg max. I2tc审 V 750 kflCE 50 kgDI 99c 75

2、0 kg majL 161 f31E珂肆V 750 kgmin 16+1 max 121D*750 kgDE出出丄肆豆Driving licences within the European Union are subdivided into different categories.The European driving licenceis a driving licence replacing the many driving licence styles already in use in themember states of the European Union .It has t

3、he credit card-style with a photograph and possibly a microchip . They were introduced to replace the 110 different plastic and paper driving licences of the 300 million drivers in the EU.The main objective of the lice nce is to decrease the risk of fraud.Contentshide 1Historyo1.1Pre-1996 European d

4、riving licenceo1.2European driving licence as from 19961.2.1Provisions1.2.2 Amendmentso1.3New European driving licence as from 20131.3.1Provisions1.3.2 Implementation1.3.3 EEA relevance22Categories valid in all EU countries3National categories4Switzerland5Galleryo5.1Sample licence6See also7External

5、links8ReferenceseditHistoryeditPre-1996 Europea n driv ing lice neeThe first step to a Europea n driv ing lice nee was take n on 4 December 1980, whe n theCoun eil of Mini sters adoptedCoun eil Directive 80/1263/EEC on the in troducti on of a Commu nity driv ing lice nee, which established a Commu n

6、ity model n ati on al lice nee that guara nteed the mutual recog niti on by Member States of n ati on al lice nces. It also established the practice of excha nge of lice nces by holders moving from one Member State to ano ther.editEuropea n driv ing lice nee as from 1996European Union directive:Dire

7、ctive 91/439/EECCouncil Directive on driving licencesMade byCouncilMade underArt. 75 TECJournal referenceL237, pp 1-24HistoryMade 1991-07-29Came into force1991-08-24Implementation1996-07-01datePreparative textsOther legislationReplaces Directive80/1263/EECStatus: Substantially amendedOn 29 July 1991

8、, the Council of Ministers adopted the Council Directive 91/439/EEC on driving licences. The directive required Member States to adopt laws impleme nting the directive before 1 July 1994, which laws would take effect o n 1 July 1996. Directive 80/1263/EEC would be repealed on the same date. Directiv

9、e 91/439/EEC curre ntly specifies the Europea n driv ing lice nee.editProvisio nsThe directive harmonises the categories of driving licences among theMember States and establishes two Commu nity driv ing lice neemodels, one paper versi on and one plastic card vers ion .It furthermore establishes an

10、obligatory test of knowledge (theory) and a test of skills and behaviour (practical) which has to be successfully passed before an in dividual is offered a driv ing lice nee. It also requires an applica nt to meet the mini mum sta ndards of physical and men tal fit ness to drive.The directive specif

11、ies the mini mum ages for driv ing differe nt types of vehicles, and establishes progressive access in categories A, C, and D, from light vehicles to larger or more powerful vehicles. The directive stipulates that it is1man datory to have the no rmal reside nce in the Member State issui ng the lice

12、nee.editAme ndme ntsThe Directive has been substantially amended by nine directives and two acts of accession. The plastic card version of the Commu nity lice nce model, for example, was added to the Directive by Coun cil Directive 96/47/EC of 23 July 1996. 2editNew European driving licence as from

13、2013European Union directiveDirective 2006/126/EC(Recast)Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on driving licencesMade byEuropeanParliament &CouncilMade underArt. 71 TECJournal referenceL403, pp. 18-60HistoryMade2006-12-30Came into force2007-01-19Implementation2013-01-19datePrepara

14、tive textsOther legislationReplaces Directive 91/439/EECStatus: Current legislation2In March 2006, the Council of Ministers adopted a Directive proposed by the European Commission to create a single European driving licence to replace the 110 different models currently in existence throughout the EU

15、. 34 The European Parliament adopted5the Directive in December 2006. Directive 2006/126/EEC was published in the Official Jour nal of the Europea n Union on 30 December 2006. Its provisio ns will take effect in 2013; Directive 91/439/EEC will then concurrently be repealed.editProvisi onsThe lice nce

16、 will be a credit-card-style, sin gle plastic-coateddocume nt, very difficult to falsify. The docume nt will be ren ewable every 10 or 15 years depe nding on the member state. The several member states will have the option to include a microchip containing information about the card holder on the ca

17、rd. This will prove extremely useful because police can access the driv ing lice nce in their own language. This would solve the problem with the three kinds of alphabet (Latin , Greek and Cyrillic) used in the EU. Inaddition, the fields of the driving licence are uniformly numbered, thus allowing t

18、he police to decipher the meaning of the fields without electro nic access.Some categories like C and D will be issued for five years only. After expiration, a medical check-up is necessary in order to renew the lice nce for ano ther five years.editImpleme ntatio nThe Directive stipulates that Membe

19、rs States should adopt laws implementing the Directive no later than 19 January 2011. Those laws should take effect in all EU Members States on 19 January 2013. All licences issued before that date will become in valid by 2033.editEEA releva nceThe directive mentions that it has EEA relevance, meani

20、ng that its provisions in the end will also applyto Iceland ,Norway , and Liechtenstein .editCategories valid in all EU countriesClassDescripti onAge of acquisiti onAssumesIn cludesRemarksMopedsAM(M,HTwo-wheel vehicles or three-wheel vehicles with16 years (15 years inFinlan d,Czech Republic,In Finla

21、nd, Germa ny, 1 rela nda maximum desig n speed of not more tha n 45 km/h.Slovenia, Spain and Swede n, 14 years in Est onia, Fran ce, Italy, Portugal and Hun gary ).and Norway, the class is calledMlIn Slove nia, the class is calledH.MotorcyclesMotorcycles with acyli nder capacity notexceed ing 125 cu

22、biccentimetres,of a power notexceeding 11 kWand with a 16 years (until 18 years just 80 A1power/weight ratio notkm/h)exceedi ng 0,1kW/kg andmotor tricycles with apower not exceed ing15 kW.Motorcycles of a power not16 years (18 years in some A2 exceed ing 25 kW andcou ntries)0.16 kW/kg.Motorcycles; m

23、otorA tricycles with a power exceed ing 25 kW.The minimum age for category A is fixed at 20 years (19 intheUK6). However, access tothe driv ing of motorcycles ofthis category shall be subject toa mini mum of two yearsexperie nee on motorcycles un derA2an A2 lice nee. This requireme ntas to previous

24、experie nee may bewaived if the can didate is atleast 24 years old (21in UK with direct access). Themi ni mum age for motor tricyclesexceedi ng 15kW is fixed at 21Rece ntlyJPortugal passed a law in which B and BEMdrivi ng lice nses can drive motorcyc les not exceed in g 125cc.A1, MA1, Myears.Motor v

25、ehiclesBMotor vehicles with a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 3500 kg and desig ned and con structed for the carriage of no more than eight passe ngers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be comb ined with a trailer hav ing a maximum authorised mass which does not ex

26、ceed 750 kg.18 years (17 years inthe UKIceland , Irelandand Hungary /Germany and Austria begleitendesFahre n -accompa nying driv ing ).M, L, SDoes not in clude S in Norway.BEWithout prejudice to the provisi ons of type-approval rules for the vehicles concern ed, comb in ati on of vehicles con sisti

27、ng of a tractor vehicle in category B and a trailer or semi-trailer where the maximum authorised mass of the trailer or semi-trailer does not exceed 3500kg.18 years (17 years in the UK, Germa ny and Irela nd).BIn clude T in Norway.Lorries/TrucksCVehicles of more than 3.5 t mass and not more tha n 8

28、+ 1 seats (lorry); with a trailer with a maximummass of 750 kg.21 years (18 years in Bulgaria, Swede n,Finland and Irela nd)BC1Vehicles with more than 8 +D21 years1 seats (buses).B D1Light lorry with a mass notmore tha n 7.5 t; with aC118 yearsBtrailer with a maximummassof 750 kg.Comb in ati ons of

29、vehicleswhere the tractor vehicleBE,is in category C and itsC1E,CE21 (18 in Sweden and Irela nd) yearsCsee C.trailer or semi-trailerD1E orhas a maximum authorisedDE, Tmass of over 750 kg.Other trailers which areBE, D1EC1E18 yearsC1heavier tha n 750 kg.or DEBusesMotor vehicles desig ned and con struc

30、 ted for the carriage of more tha n eight passenge rs in additi on to the driver; motor vehicles which may be drive n with a categoryD lice nee may be comb ined with a trailer hav ing a maximum authoris ed mass which does not exceed 750 kg.D1Light buses with amaximumof 16 + 1 seats.21 yearsBMotor ve

31、hicles desig ned and con struc ted for the carriage of no more tha n 16 passenge rs in additi on to the driver and with a maximum len gth not exceed in g 8 m; motor vehicles in this category may be comb ined with atrailer hav ing a maximum authoris ed mass not exceed in g750 kg.Comb in ati ons of ve

32、hicleswhere the tractor vehicleDEis in category D and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass of over 750 kg.21 yearsDBE,D1E,C1ED1EComb in ati ons of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D1 and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass of over 750 kg.21 yearsD1BE, C1EeditNatio nal cat

33、egoriesFurthermore there are more n ati onal categories for tractors, fat motorcycles, motorised wheel boats, motor tricycles (modern voiturettes , Category B1 or S) and military categories such as for driving tanks.editSwitzerla ndSince the 2000s, Switzerland uses the EU system of vehicle categorie

34、s, issues EU-style credit-card licences and has gen erally adopted much of the harm oni sed EU legislati on with regard to drivers lice nces.To apply for a car drivers licence (category B), the applicant must be 18 years old. They must first pass a theoretical exam to receive a learners permit valid

35、 for two years. This allows them to drive a car. A so called conduite assiste,meaning assisted driving in French, can be obtained at 17 years of age but the driver must drive with an adult 23 or older who has had his lice nce for 5 years. Dur ing the two years, after hav ing obta ined a lice nce, te

36、n hours of theoretical traffic in structi on by a canton ally certified driv ing in structor must be atte nded. Practical driv ing less ons are not legally required, but are con sidered a de facto prerequisite for pass ing the practical exam with a gover nment expert, which arou nd two thirds of tra

37、in ees man age to do on the first attempt.px ii jJL JLultFront side.Back side.1.sur name2.give n n ame3.date of birth, place ofbirth4.a) date of issue b) dateof expiry c) issui ngauthority5.lice nce n umber6.photograph of bearer7.sig natureof bearerSince 2005, the drivers lice nee issued upon pass i

38、ng the practical exam is no Ion ger perma nent, but valid for three years only. In this time, two days of further training must be completed and no serious infractions of the rules of the road are allowed, or the perma nent lice nee is not acquired.For motorcycles and heavier vehicles, the regulatio

39、ns are different, and some agrarian vehicles can be driven without a lice nee. As of 2006, a 45-min ute driv ing less on costs arou nd 90 CHF, while the various fees and theoretical instruction costs associated with getting a car drivers licence can amount to up to CHF 600, without counting the cost

40、s for the two days of further tra ining.The theoretical exam must be taken in either German , French or Italian .editGalleryeditSample lice nceGerma n versi on of a curre nt EU driv ing lice nceSpainUnited KingdomMust cmjnnB572RE2I52HZ8-onn Lan( (jr at8.9.lice nee categories10. first issuing date of

41、 the category11. expiry date of the category12. restrictions(numbercoded)1editSee alsoDriv ing Lice neeEuropea n Commissio ner for Tran sportIn ter nati onal driv ing lice nseedit External li nkshttp:/ n_ driv ingice nse.htm http:/ec.europa.eu/idabc/e n/docume nt/3826/330http:/www.euractiv.eom/e n/t

42、ra nsport/si ngle-europe-wide-drivi ng-lice nce-2013/article- 160496http:/ news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6180617.stm.ukZe n/Motor in g/DriverLice nsi ng/WhatCa nY ouDriveA ndYourObli gatio ns/DG 4022547editRefere nces1.人 European Commission website - Transport: driving licencea b2.人

43、 Consolidated version of Directive 91/439/EEC as of 18 July 20083.人Klartecken f? r EU-k? rkort. Svenska Dagbladet . Retrieved 2006-03-27.4.人EU backs European driving licence . BBC News . 27 March 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2010.5.人 EU announces plans for European driving license6.人 http:/www.motorcycle.co.uk/articles/training/TheLaw.htm#Fullshow;additional termsLinks to r