unit 11 定语从句

1、the the attributive attributive clauseclause 定语从句定语从句the man (who lives next to us )is a teacher. the man is a teacher. the man lives next to us.被修饰的名词或代词叫被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词先行词, 连接定语从连接定语从句和先行词的连词叫句和先行词的连词叫关系代词关系代词或或关系副词关系副词.关关系代词在定语从句中系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语作主语或宾语.1.定义： 又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修饰名词或代词，起定语作用。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰

2、的名词或代词3.关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句的词关系代词关系副词who, whom, whose, which, thatwhen, where, why在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语在定语从句中作状语a dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.句子主干：定语从句：先行词：关系代词：a dictionary is a book.which gives the meaning of words.bookwhich4. 分类：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，使先行词区别于同类其他事物；主

3、句和从句之间不用逗号隔开非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整.一般用逗号把主句和从句分开引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作宾语时一些关系代词可以省略引导词：as, who, whom, whose, which, of which, when, where等，不用that或why,不能省略限制性定语从句举例： 1. the teacher told me that tom was the only person that i could depend on. 2. china is a country which has a long history. 3. i

4、n the street i saw a man who was from africa. 1. who指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可略）the boys who are playing football are from class one. a person who steals things is called a thief.2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介 词提前则不能省) the man (whom/who) i talked to is mr. li.the man to whom i talked is mr. li.3. whose 在定语从句中作定语，与后面

5、的名词为所属关系。 whose 多指人，也可指物，指物时可与 of which 互换使用; 指人时，与 of whom 互换使用1. he has a friend whose father is a doctor.2. the classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. =the classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.4which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 1. football is a game which is li

6、ked by most boys. 2. the film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.5. that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。where is the man that / whom / who i saw this morning? 2. the season that / which comes after spring is summer.考点一：考点一：thatthat和和whichwhichthat和w

7、hich在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。v限制性定语从句中先行词为all, few, everything, anything, nothing, none, little, some等不定代词指物时。(something用that或which均可)vhave you taken down everything that mr. li said? vthere seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. vfinally, the thief handed everyt

8、hing that he had stolen.v (2)there be 句型中用that。there is a book on the desk that belongs to tom.(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。this is the first book (that) he has read.this is the best film (that) i have ever seen.this is the first time (that) i am in beijing.(4)先行词是who或which引导的主句。who is the girl that drove the c

9、ar? which is the t-shirt that fits me most?(5)当先行词既有人又有物。they talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. (6)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the last, just, right等修饰。ive read all the books that are not mine. this is the very book that belongs

10、to him.7. 7. 定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用需用thatthat。e.g. a plane is a machine that can fly.连接词连接词which的用法的用法which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词,也也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。e.g. 1. she heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. a. it b. which c. this d. that

11、 2. the weather turned out to be good, _ was more than we could expect. a. what b. which c. that d. it b b (1) 直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom, whose或which，且不能省略。those are many trees under which they can have a rest.the house in which we live is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。(2) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用 which。如： fo

12、otball, which is a very popular game, is played all over the world.在下列情况下, 一般用which而不用that。但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代which, who替代whom，也可以省略关系代词。如：the house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。i know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. 我认识和你住在一起的那个人。(3) 作定语 he may be late, in which case, w

13、e should wait for him.(4) 先行词为代词 that 或 that 所修饰时，只能用 which。如：i dont take that which is too expensive. 我不要太贵的那一个。考点二：考点二：that that 和和 who(whom)who(whom)的用法的用法在定语从句中，关系代词who (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who (whom)。如：my sister, who is study

14、ing abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如：do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students?你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？(3) 当先行词为people和those时，只能用who (whom)。如：those who want to go t

15、here come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。 (4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时，只能用who (whom)。如：anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。(5) 先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：the man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。(6) 在there be句

16、型中名词的定语从句多用who (whom)。如：there are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我们班有些学生你见过。(7) 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that, 那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：the boy that you met just now is li mings brother who just graduated from a university. 刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形(1

17、) 当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：the tallest player that plays football for our team is from shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高哪个运动员来自山东。 (2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：he is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生 (3) 当主句是以who

18、开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。如：who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁？(4) the same as 与 the same thatthe same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：she is wearing the same coat that i lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含：她偷了我的上衣) she is wearing the same coat a

19、s i lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件) 考点三：介词考点三：介词+关系代词关系代词* “of + which/whom”可用来限定名词、代词、可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。分数词、数词等。e.g. 1. in the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. a. that b. who c. from whom d. to whom 2. he paid the boy $10 for washi

20、ng the windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. a. these b. those c. that d. which dd一、用法说明介词+whom只能指人；介词+ which只能指物。如：look, there comes tom, for whom i have waiting for an hour. 瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。last saturday evening, i went to wu dongs birthday party, in which i met a foreigner n

21、amed jim. 上周星期六的晚上我去参加了吴东的生日聚会，在会上我会到了一个叫吉姆的外国人。she came into the house, on whose wall there was a portrait of einstein. 她进入了房间，房子的墙壁上有一张爱因斯坦的画像。 二、注意事项(1) 有时，前面的介词可移到定语从句的中间或后面，此时whom可用who, that代替；which可以用that代替。而且who, whom, which, that都可省略。如：the man with whom you talked just now is our manager. th

22、e man who you talked with just now is our manager. 你刚才与他谈话的那个人就是我们的经理。he handed me a pen, with which i wrote down my address for him. he handed me a pen, which i wrote down my address with for him. 他递给我一支钢笔，我就用那支钢笔给他写下了我的地址。v(2) 当先行词是时间、地点、原因从句时，介词+ which一般在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语，于是介词+ which可以分别用when, w

23、here, why代替。但若介词+ which不是作时间、地点、原因状语，则不能用when, where, why代替。v如：last week, i visited shanghai, in which i have made several friends. last week, i visited shanghai, where i have made several friends. v上周我参观了上海，在那儿我叫上几个朋友。vi will remember the day forever on which i won the first place in the contest. i

24、 will remember the day forever when i won the first place in the contest. 我将永远记住我在竞赛中获得第一名的那一天。关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定1.1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：e.g. is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g. can you explain to me how to us

25、e these idioms about which im sure.3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：e.g. 1949 was the year in which the p.r.c. was founded.关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定4.4.非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用一部分时，可用“数词数词/ /代词代词 + of + + of + 关系代词关系代词”的结构，如：的结构，如：e.g. there are 50 students in our class, two- third

26、s of whom have been to beijing.关系代词前的介词的确定关系代词前的介词的确定5. whose从句可转换为从句可转换为“ of +关系代词关系代词”型，型，如：如：e.g. they live in a house, whose door opens to the south. they lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south. they lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.vhttp:/ 和which 引导非限制性定语从句的

27、区别 which引导的从句只能放在主句之后；as引导的从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。 which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于 “and this” 或 “and that”. 译为“这一点”。as只能代指整个主句的内容。常带有“正如”之意，且已形成固定结构: as is known, as is reported, as is said, as is expected, as we know, etc.1. einstein, as is known, is a famous scientist.2. as is reported, china has become an i

28、mportant country in the world.3. taiwan belongs to china, as is known to all.4. bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.5. he didnt come to attend the meeting, as is expected.3. as在从句中作主语，从句中的谓语必须 是系动词；而which则不一定。 he is very strict, as is shown in his work.4. 先行词前有the same, such限定时，关 系词只能用as. i

29、have the same opinion as you (have). dont read such books as are beyond your ability.当先行词受the same 修饰时，有时也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。she wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. she wore the same dress that she wore at marys wedding. 同一类同一件5.主从句之间存在逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往用which。tom was late for sc

30、hool again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用换，但下列情况多用as。1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。e.g. as we all know, the earth is round.2. 当与当与suchsuch或或the samethe same连用时，一般用连用时，一般用asas。e.g. such books as you tell me are interesting. i have

31、the same plan as you.go on please!3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反，反之则用之则用which。e.g. she has married again, as was expected. she has married again, which was unexpected.go on please!4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用

32、一般要用which作主语。作主语。e.g. she has been late again, as was expected. tom has made great progress, which made us happy.考点五：定语从句的限制性与非限制性v1. 结构不同v2. 功能不同v3. 先行词不同v4. 关系词的使用不同v5. 翻译时的表达方法不同使用要点使用要点1. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，不能省略。e.g. the classroom that is on the fourth floor is poorly equipped. 2. 关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面没有介词时，

33、常可省略。e.g. this is the girl with whom he works.3. 关系副词在定语从句中不可省略。e.g. i have come to explain the reason why i was absent from the meeting.4. 只用that，不用which的情况：v当先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；v当先行词前有the only, the very, the last等词修饰时；v当先行词为anything, nothing, something, everything, all, little, much等不定代词修饰时；v当先行词前有all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few等词修饰时；vit is 句型中的引导定语从句时。v当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。5. 只用which，不用that的情况：v引导非限制性定语从句时；v引导词前有介词时；v一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that引导，另一个用which引导；e.g. he bought a book that could give