猪的解剖步骤

1、猪的肠道疾病猪的肠道疾病-尸体解剖检查步骤尸体解剖检查步骤Enteric Diseases of Swine -Postmortem Techniques Kent J. Schwartz, DVM MS 1999 Pharmacia & Upjohn Company 死猪是容易得到的，剖检死猪也可得到有用的资料Dead pigs are most available and may yield useful information, however 慢性病猪的原发病原可能会被继发病原所掩盖Primary causes of disease may be overshadowed by sec

2、ondary agents in pigs that have chronic disease 病死猪A pig that died because of disease尸体解剖技术尸体解剖技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作Preparing for the Examination2尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作Preparing for the Examination 理想的是屠宰急性病猪，以检查主要病原It is desirable to euthanize acutely affected pigs to

3、 detect primary pathogens 通常剖检多个尸体，以确定主要病变是一致的Usually multiple carcasses are opened until it is clear that the predominant lesions are consistently present in all pigs 刚刚屠宰的病猪Freshly euthanized pig3 将猪腹面朝上Place the pig lying on its back, 然后从两侧腋下切至颌骨Incise from axilla to between jawbones on both side

4、s 尸体剖检步骤Begin postmortem procedure尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作Preparing for the Examination4 从两侧腹股沟切至会阴Incise from inguinal region to perineum on both sides, 在髋臼处分离两侧股骨Free femur from the acetabulum on both sides. 分离髋关节Spreading the hip joints尸体剖检步骤尸体剖检步骤Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作P

5、reparing for the Examination5 将猪腹部朝上With the pig lying on its back, 分开四肢All four limbs are detached and the carcass will not roll over 分开四肢All limbs are detached尸体剖检工作尸体剖检工作Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作Preparing for the Examination6 抓住皮肤Creating a “handle” 抓住颌骨下方皮肤Make a handle from the skin under

6、the chin, and 从胸骨下穿过肋软骨关节切开Incise below breastbone through costochondral junctions尸体剖检工作尸体剖检工作Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作Preparing for the Examination7 打开胸腔（C）Opening the thoracic cavity(C) 小心打开胸腔Open the thoracic cavity carefully 观察心、肺周围粘连及体液渗出情况Observe for signs of adhesions and excess fluid ar

7、ound the heart and lungs尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作Preparing for the Examination8C 打开胸腔Opening the abdominal cavity 继续切至尾部，打开胸腔Continue the incision caudally, opening the abdominal cavity尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作Preparing for the Examination9 分离头两条肋骨Separating the fir

8、st two ribs 从腹中线切开头两条肋骨Cut between the first two ribs, on the mid-line尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作Preparing for the Examination10 打开胸腔Opening the chest cavity 用手将胸腔扩张开Manually spread the chest cavity open 检查浆膜表面粘连和体液渗出情况Inspect the serosal surfaces for evidence of adhesions or excess f

9、luids尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作准备工作Preparing for the Examination11尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 呼吸道的检查呼吸道的检查Examination of the Respiratory Tract 扁桃体（T）的检查Examination of the tonsils(T) 在呼吸道或部分呼吸道被切除前，检查扁桃体The tonsils can be examined before the respiratory tract is removed, or as part

10、of the intact tract 观察扁桃体及气管炎症Look for inflammation of the tonsils and trachea12T尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 呼吸道的检查呼吸道的检查Examination of the Respiratory Tract13 切下全部的呼吸道The respiratory tract is removed intact 从“干净”的器官开始Begin with the “clean” organs first 将整个呼吸道及舌、扁桃体一起切开Remove the entire respir

11、atory tract intact, with tongue and tonsils attached心脏Heart肺Lungs14尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 心和肺的检查心和肺的检查Examination of the Heart and Lungs 心和肺的检查Examination of the heart and lungs 打开心房，检查瓣膜Open heart chambers, examine the valves 按压肺脏，以检查硬度和密度Palpate the lung for firmness and consistency 沿气管

12、切开肺脏，检查肺部实质Slice into the lung, across airways, looking for areas of consolidation15尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs 肾脏的检查Examination of the kidney 检查切开并取出肾脏和膀胱Examine, cut, and remove the kidneys and urinary bladder 观察出血或脓肿Look for signs of hemorrh

13、age or abscesses肾肾Kidney16尸体剖检步骤尸体剖检步骤Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs 脾脏的检查Examination of the spleen 检查脾脏，如果要采集病料，切除脾脏Examine spleen, cut and remove if specimens are to be collected 观察脾表面肿大或出血情况Look for signs of enlargement or hemorrhage on the surface脾脾Spleen

14、17尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs 肝脏的检查Examination of the liver 检查肝脏，如果要采集病料，切除肝脏Examine the liver, cut and remove if specimens are to be collected 观察肝脏表面肿大或出血情况Look for signs of enlargement or hemorrhage on the surfaces of this important organ 肝脏肝

15、脏Liver胆囊胆囊Gall bladder18尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs回肠（I）盲肠（C）和肠系膜淋巴结（L）的检查Examination of the ileum(I),cecum (C) and mesentericlymph nodes(L) 检查回肠和盲肠的外表面Examine external surfaces of the ileum and cecum 观察肠系膜淋巴结肿胀情况Look for signs of enlargement o

16、f the mesenteric lymph nodes 切除整个消化道Remove the entire digestive tractCLI结肠结肠Colon19尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs结肠袢的检查Examination of the spiral colon 检查结肠外表面Examine the external surfaces of the colon, then open the lumen 打开肠腔，观察炎症情况Open the lumen

17、, look for signs of inflammation 观察肠系膜淋巴结肿大情况Look for signs of enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes20尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs检查胃壁Examination of the stomach lining 检查胃的外表面Examine the external surfaces of the stomach 切开胃，观察炎症和溃疡Open the s

18、tomach, look for signs of inflammation and ulceration胃胃Stomach21尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 脑的检查脑的检查Examination of the Brain在第一颈椎处切断脊髓，取下头部（V）Removing the head by severingthe spinal cord at thefirst vertebrae(V) 在头和第一椎骨之间切断脊骨，取下头部Remove the head by severing the spinal cord between the head and

19、 first vertebraV22尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 脑的检查脑的检查Examination of the Brain准备取出脑Preparing to remove the brain 打开颅骨Open the skull 如果猪体重10公斤，纵向劈开头骨Split the head on the midline (lengthwise) in pigs 10公斤,用斧子或切肉刀在眼睛后侧横向劈开In pigs 10 kg, use a hatchet or cleaver to chop transversely behind the ey

20、es23尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 脑的检查脑的检查Examination of the Brain从矢状面切开Chopping in a sagital direction 首先,从眼睛后侧横向切开First, chop transversely behind the eyes 然后,沿脊髓径直从矢状面切开,暴露脑Next, chop in sagital direction from the level of the spinal cord to expose the brain24尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques

21、脑的检查脑的检查Examination of the Brain准备取出脑The brain is ready to be removed 去除颅骨暴露出脑Pull back the part of the skull that has been loosened to expose the brain 取出部分脑,放入福尔马林溶液,剩余部分冷冻,用作组织病理学和微生物学检查Place part of the brain in formalin solution, chill the remainder for histopathological and microbiological exa

22、mination25尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 鼻甲骨的检查鼻甲骨的检查Examination of the Nasal Turbinates找出第二前臼齿(P)Locate the second premolar(P) 检查鼻甲骨,在第二前臼齿水平横向锯开口鼻部To examine the turbinates, saw the snout transversely at the level of the second premolar toothP26尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 鼻甲骨的检查鼻甲骨的检查Exam

23、ination of the Nasal Turbinates暴露出鼻甲骨(P)Nasal turbinates exposed(T) 鼻甲骨萎缩是萎缩性鼻炎的症状The presence of turbinate atrophy is a sign of atrophic rhinitis 用标准图表来评定鼻甲骨萎缩的程度Score the degree of turbinate atrophy using a standard rating chartT27尸体剖检技术尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 鉴别诊断肠炎的简单实验鉴别诊断肠炎的简单实验Simple Test

24、s to Differentiate EnteritisPH试纸可以鉴别诊断仔猪下痢的原因pH paper can differentiate thecause of diarrhea in piglets 粪便的PH值可以反映仔猪下痢的原因Fecal (cecal) pH may reveal the cause of diarrhea in piglets PH7.0,说明分泌过多,可能是由大肠杆菌引起pH7.0 - indicates hypersecretion, likely caused by E.coli PH7.0,说明吸收障碍,说明可能是病毒或球虫感染引起pH7.0 - indicates malabsorption, likely caus