批判性阅读的一些理论基础

1、批判性阅读的一些理论基础批判性阅读的一些理论基础1 基于目的需求的阅读阅读目标决定了阅读方式，也就是说怎样阅 读取决于读什么。对于不同的阅读材料，有核心 的阅读工具和阅读技能。2. 基于作者写作意图的阅读3. 基于核心概念的阅读-构建一个知识地图知识是意义的系统,包括核心概念、次要概念、 外围概念。也就是说，我们需要了解核心概念, 并学会用系统概念去思考。首先，知识不仅存在 于一个系统中，而是存在于相关的其他系统中, 因此，我们应该学会读懂核心概念，和他们的系 统功能，把他们与知识的其它系统联系起来。其 次，掌握系统的核心概念有助于我们理解不同的 系统概念和学会在不同的系统中去思考。以学生为中

2、心的知识系统,以教师为中心的知识系统例如，利用系统思维去阅读时，当我们了解 到所有的植物都是有细胞组织的，那么我们应该 将知识迁移到相关的系统中去，我们可以认为所 有动物也是有细胞组织的。接下来，我们开始思 考动、植物两个不同系统中细胞组织之间的异 同。再如，当我们思考心理学和社会学之间的关 系时，我们知道心理学关注个体行为，而社会学 关注集体行为；但是，个体的心理状况会影响到 集体组织的形成，而集体又会影响到个人的价值 取向。所以，读懂两个领域的核心概念，我们可以更好地理解心理学和社会学是怎么相互联系，相互影响的。4避免印象阅读和印象写作5. 基于反思的阅读区分自己的观点与作者的观点；整合书

3、上的 知识与现有知识；接受新事物；做批判性反思6. 基于元认知的阅读在阅读解码时，可以监控和分析自己的阅读 过程。7. 基于文本互动的阅读通过内省提问的方式来积极重构文本，实现与 作者和文本的互动。8. 基于八种思考工具的阅读目的（目标、功能）;提出问题；提取信息（数据、事实、证据、观察、实验、推理）;解释和参考（结论和解放方案）；利用概念（理论、定义、规则、模式）；提出假设（前提、保障），得1=1出结论；形成观点（价值观）9. 基于阅读过程理解的自主阅读了解阅读的认知过程，具备一些阅读策略和工 具。10. 五个层次的精读阅读是基于提取和内化信息的建构型学习活 动。包括五种层次（即层次化阅读）

4、：复述（用自己的话来阐释提取的信息）；for 1st reading解释（举例阐释理论）;for 2nd reading分析（用八种思考工具向自己提问，来分析作者 的说理过程）；for 3rd reading评价(用清楚、精确、准确、相关性、重要性、深度、逻辑性、公平等标准来评价文本)；for 4threading角色扮演()Point of Viewframe of reference,Purpose goal, objective, functionQuestionImplications andperspective, orientation, world viewConsequence

5、sat Issuethat which followsproblem, issuelogically, effectsElementsolAssumptionsThoughtInformationpresuppositions,data, facts, evidence,axioms, takingobservations,for grantedexperiences,Conceptsreasonstheories.Interpretationdefinitions, laws,and Inferenceprinciples,conclusions,modelssolutionsThinkin

6、g: has a purpose raises questions uses information utilizes concepts is based on assumptions generates implications embodies a point of viewAnalyzing the Logic of What We Are ReadingAnytime you read, you are reading the product of an authors reasoning. You can use your understanding of the elements

7、of reasoning, thcrck)rc, to bring your reading io a higher level. You can do this by asking the following questions (you may ask these questions in any order you want):What is the key question the author is trying to answer?What is the authors fundamental purpose!What are the authors most basic conc

8、epts!What are the most fundamental inferences or conclusions in the article?ElementsThoughtWhatWhat is the authors point of view with respect to the issue?What assumptions is the author making in his/her reasoning?information does the author use in reasoning through this issue?What are the implicati

9、ons of the authors reasoning?二、阅读的策略1 做好阅读笔记:Circle around word or phrase key concept keyQ inferU!, or! prob or issue info, data, or evidencePOVAssumpImplic notes in margin or on extra pages diagramshighlighting textMarkiifoundational or other important conceptan essential ideakey question guiding t

10、he authors reasoningkey inferente the author is makingimportant idea or inferencea key problem or issue the author is addressingkey information, data, evidence supporting inference/ argumentkey point of viewan important assumption embedded in the reasoningkey implications or consequencesreaders thou

11、ghts being recorded; connections to ideas beyond the immediate textdrawing by the reader to show interrelationships between important ideasuse yellow highlighter to illuminate key ideas2.阅读教育-通过阅读联系真实的生活，理解内化复杂的概念，达到阅读生长，阅读育人的目标3.结构化阅读结构化路径：Titlemain ideapartsquestionTo read structurally, ask these

12、questions: What docs the title tell me about this book? What is the main idea in the book? (You should be able to figure this out from skimming the preface, introduction, and first chapte匚) What are the parts of the whole, and how does the book deal with those parts? (Again, this may be found in an

13、overview in the introduction, preface, first chapter, and/or table of contents.) In the light of my structural reading, what questions would I pursue during close reading?怎样读句子:Key paragraphkey sentenceskeyideaskey questionsFinding key sentences means finding the sentences that are the driving force

14、 within a book. Structural reading is one way by whichjveJocate paragraphs and boil them down to key sentences, and thence to key ideas一 一 _ key questionsJ*An importanTpart of reading with discipline is to c(哆展Q坦巴炉 bre竺空理岁比級iQ辿空史些进see how they fit皿山血l,u written piece For every sentence you read, you

15、 might ask: How does this sentence connect with the other senlences in the text?How does this sentence relate to the organizing idea of this text as a “ hok把句子放在更广阔的语境下理解，可以提问自己：此句子与其他句子怎样联系？怎样为整个篇章服务?怎样读段落:语篇中的所有段落都是相互联系的，我们应该看到意义之间的逻辑关系，所有的观点应该构 成一个意义系统。可以提问自己：All paragraphs within a written piece

16、 should connect to one another so we can see logical connections between ideas All ideas should form a system of meanings. As you move from paragraph to paragraph, ask: What is the most important idea in this paragraph? How do the ideas in this paragraph relate to the ideas in previous paragraphs? H

17、ow are the important ideas in the text connected?Look for paragraphs that focus on significant ideas or questions. Connect those ideas, when possible, to situations and experiences that are meaningful in your life. To actively connect ideas to life situations, ask: How can 1 relate this idea to some

18、thing 1 already understand? Is there an important idea here that I can use in my thinking? Have I ever experienced a situation that sheds light on this idea?怎样读教材?The first and most important insight necessary for successfully reading a textbook is that all textbooks focus on “systems which, when in

19、ternalized, can help us reason through a specific set of problems They focus on a special way of thinking about a special set of things. To elaborate, history textbooks leach a special way of thinking about events in the past. Biology textbooksteach a special way of thinking about living things. Mat

20、hematics textbooks teach a special way of thinking about the numbers, shapes, and figures. Physics textbooks teach a special way of thinking about mass and energy and thei interrelations. The same is true for all other textbooks.Thus, there is no way to learn mathematics from a math textbook without

21、 learning how to figure out correct answers to mathematical questions and problems. There is no way to learn history from a history textbook without learning how to figure out correct or reasonable answers to historical questions and problems. There is no way to learn biology from a biology textbook

22、 without learning how to figure out answers to biological questions and problems Any subject can therefore be understood as a system of figuring out correct or reasonable answers to a certain set of questions Wc study chemistry to understand chemicals and how they interact (to answer questions about

23、 chemicals). We study psychology to figure out human behavior (to answer questions about certain human problems) All subjects can be understood in this way. All textbooks can be read in this way.Most textbooks begin with an inlroductory chapter or preface that introduces us to lhe field of study: Wh

24、at is biology? What is physics? What is history? It is important for us to do a close reading of this opening chapter in order to acquire from the very beginning an insight into the most basic and fundamental concepts in the field.Once we have a basic idea of the whole of a subject from the introductory chapter, we should be able to do some thinking within the system. Thus, with a basic idea of