国民收入核算

1、Chapter 2National Income Accounting国民收入核算CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS(提要)nGross domestic productnOutput is paid out primarily to labor and capitaln国内生产总值n产出主要是用于购买劳动力和资本nOutput is demanded for private consumption service and investment,for government expenditure,and for international Trade . nInflation is the

2、 change over time in the price level. n产出:对私人消费服务和投资,政府支出,国际贸易的需求.n通货膨胀是价格水平在时间尺度上的变化. Good accounting turns data into information 好的核算体系将数据转化为信息nWe study national income accounting for two reasonsnincome accounts provide the formal structure for our macro-theory models.nTo learn a few ballpark numb

3、er that help characterize the economy.n国民收入核算的两个理由n提供宏观理论模型的正式的研究框架n有助于学习一些表征经济的标志性的数据 2-1 The production of output and payments to factors of production产量与生产要素的支付产量与生产要素的支付nThe production side of the economy transforms inputs, such as labor and capital, into output, GDP.nFactors of productionnFacto

4、r paymentsn经济中的生产方面: 将投入(劳动和资本)转化为产出n生产要素n要素支付GDP AND GNP nIn the USA, the difference between GDP and GNP is only 1 percent, but the difference can be more important in some other countries.n在美国,两者的差异只有1%.但是在其他国家差别可能比较明显.GDP AND NDPnNet domestic product(NDP) is equal to GDP minus depreciation.nDepre

5、ciation is typically about 11%, so NDP is usually about 89%.(USA) nNDP=GDP-折旧n典型的折旧率为11%,所以,净国内生产总值一般为国内生产总值的89%. NATIONAL INCOME (国民收入)nBusiness pay indirect taxes that must be subtracted from NDP before making factor payments. nWhats left for making factor payments is national income, equal about

6、80 percent of GDP.nYou should remember that about three-fourths of factor payments are payments to labor.n商业机构支付的直接税须在支付要素收入之前予以扣除.n剩下的用于支付要素收入的部分称之为国民收入,相当于国内生产总值的80%.n大约四分之三的要素收入是支付给劳动的.FIG 2-1(a)Composition of U.S. GDP in 20012-2 OUTLAYS AND COMPONENTS OF DEMAND 支付与需求的构成nThe fundamental national

7、income accounting identity is nY=C+I+G+NXn基本的国民收入核算等式Fig 2-1(B)产出的需求构成(USA2001)CONSUMPTION (消费)nThe chief component of demand is consumption spending by the household sectors.n需求的主要构成是消费需求的主要构成是消费_家庭部门的家庭部门的支出。支出。Fig 2-2 Consumption as a Share of GDP:U.S. and Japan, 1955-2001GOVERNMENT (政府部门)nGovern

8、ment purchases of goods and servicesnItems: nnational defense expenditure,ncosts of road paving by state and local governments, nand salaries of government employeesnTransfer payments are not counted as part of GDP (WHY?)n政府对商品和服务的支出n项目n国防支出,n中央和地方政府的道路修缮支出,n政府雇员的薪水n注意的问题:转移支付不能作为GDP 的组成部分INVESTMENT

9、 (投资)nGross private domestic investment requires some definitions. Additions to physical stocks of capitalnPersonal educational expenditures as consumptionsnPublic educational expenditures as government spendingn私人国内总投资的界定:n物质资本存量的增加n个人的教育支出作为消费项目n公共教育支出作为政府支出nThe classification of spending as consu

10、mption or investmentnthe individuals purchase is treated as a personal consumption expenditure, whereas the stores purchase is treated as inventory investment. n消费和投资支出的消费和投资支出的分类分类n个人购买个人购买-个个人消费支出人消费支出,但但是商店的购买是商店的购买-存货投资存货投资nA simple rule of thumb: nInvestment is associated with the business sect

11、ors adding to the physical stock of capital, including inventory. nNet investment is gross investment minus depreciationn简单规则简单规则n投资投资与商业部与商业部门物质资门物质资本存量的本存量的增加有关，增加有关，包括存货包括存货.n净投资净投资n净投资净投资总投资总投资折旧折旧NET EXPORTS（净出口）nThe difference between exports and imports, called net exports, is a component of

12、the total demand for our goods.n出口与进口的差额，称为“净出口”n是对我们的商品的总需求的一部分2-3SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITIES一些重要的恒等式A simple economynY=C+InY=C+SnC+I=Y=C+SnI=Y-C=SREINTRODUCTION GOVERNMENT AND FOREIGN TRADE（引入政府部门和对外贸易）nY=C+I+G+NXnYD=Y+TR-TA=Y-TNnYD-disposable income （可支配收入）nTR-net transfers of private sectors（对私人部门

13、的净转移支付）nTA-taxes （总税收）nTN-net taxes （净税收）nYD=C+SnC+S=YD=Y+TR-TAnC=YD-S=Y+TR-TA-Sn将将Y=C+I+G+NX代入代入,则则nS-I=(G+TR-TA)+NXSAVING,INVESTMENT,THE GOVERNMENT BUDGET,AND TRADE （储蓄，投资，政府预算和贸易）n(G+TR-TA) is the government budget deficit (BD)n(G+TR) is equal to total government expenditurenTA is the amount of t

14、axes received by the government.n(G+TR-TA) is the excess of the government s spending over its receipts, or its budget deficit. n(G+TR-TA)是政府预算赤字n(G+TR) 等于总政府支出nTA - （政府的税收总量）n(G+TR-TA) 即为BD政府预算赤字nNX is the excess of the exports over imports ,or the net export of goods and services.nNX-出出口超过进口口超过进口的

15、部分，或的部分，或商品与服务商品与服务的净出口的净出口S-I=(G+TR-TA)+NXnStates that the excess of saving over investment in the private sector is equal to government budget deficit plus the trade surplus.nIf “I=S”,then the governments budget deficit (surplus) is reflected in an equal external deficit (surplus). 私人部门中，储蓄超过私人部门中

16、，储蓄超过投资的部分政府预投资的部分政府预算赤字贸易剩余）算赤字贸易剩余）n如果如果“投资储蓄投资储蓄”，政府预算赤字反映外政府预算赤字反映外部赤字部赤字n政府预算盈余反映外政府预算盈余反映外部盈余部盈余2-4 MEASURING GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT对国内生产总值的测算对国内生产总值的测算nFINAL GOODS AND VALUE ADDEDnGDP is the value of final goods and services produced. The insistence on final goods and services is simply to ma

17、ke sure we do not double count.nIn practice, double counting is avoided by working with value added.n最终产品与增值n国内生产总值是最终产品与服务的价值n通过计算增值额可以避免重复计算nCURRENT OUTPUT GDPn consists of the value of output currently produced . nIt thus excludes transactions in existing commodities, such as old masters or exist

18、ing houses.n现期的产品n当期生产的产品n排除现存商品的交易数量，如旧画或已经盖好的房子PROBLEMS OF GDP MEASUREMENT（GDP测算中的有关问题）nSome outputs are poorly measured because they are not traded in the market. Note ,too, that government services are not directly priced by the market.n一些产品很少被测算，因为它们没有经过市场交换同样，政府服务没有直接经过市场定价nSome activities mea

19、sured as adding to GDP in fact represent the resources to avoid or contain “bads” such as crime or risks to national security. n一些行为测算为GDP的增加，但是，实际上只是为了避免“公害”或包含着“公害品”（如犯罪或国家安全风险）。n（中国：拆毁性修建，增加了GDP,但并不增进福利。）nSimilarly, the accounts do not subtract anything for environment pollution and degradation.n

20、同样，测算中没有扣除环境污染与退化的损失。nIt is difficult to account correctly for improvements in the quality of goods.nComputers : whose quality has been improved dramatically while their price has fallen sharply. nThe national accountants attempt to adjust for improvement in quality,but the task is not easy.n难以测算产品难

21、以测算产品质量的提高质量的提高n计算机：质计算机：质量急剧提高量急剧提高而价格却大而价格却大幅下降幅下降n国民收入核国民收入核算试图进行算试图进行相关调整，相关调整，但难度很大但难度很大nIn general , GDP data are ,in practice, used not only as a measure of how much is being produced but also as a measure of the welfare of the residents of a country. n不仅是作为作为产量的测度，也可以作为一个国家的居民福利的测度2-5 INFLAT

22、ION AND PRICE INDEXES 通货膨胀与价格指数nReal GDP measures changes in physical output in the economy between different time periods by valuing all goods produced in the two periods at the same prices.n实际实际GDP-测度两个不同测度两个不同时期的物质产时期的物质产品的变化，以品的变化，以相同的价格估相同的价格估量两个时期生量两个时期生产的全部产品产的全部产品的价值的价值nNominal GDP measures

23、the value of the output in a given period in the price of that periodn名义名义GDP-以当期的以当期的价格测度价格测度给定时期给定时期的产出的的产出的价值价值INFLATION AND PRICES 通货膨胀与价格nInflation is the rate of changes in prices, and the price level is the cumulation of past inflation.n Deflation -the inflation rate is negativenNo single price index is perfect.n通货膨胀率是价通货膨胀率是价格变化的比率，格变化的比率，而价格是过去的而价格是过去的通货膨胀率的累通货膨胀率的累积的结果积的结果n通货紧缩通货紧缩-通货通货膨胀率是负数膨胀率是负数n没有一个价格指没有一个价格指数是完美的数是完美的The