2021年2021年中考英语语法专题讲练：_定语从句_讲解附练习

1、定语从句定语从句学问精讲一、定义在复合句中， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句， 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词， 通常位于定语从句之前；引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that 等和关系副词 where, when, why 等，关系代词和关系副词，既起到连接作用，又在定语从句中担任句子成份；总结定语从句的一般结构为：先行词 +关系词 +定语从句；一、关系代词1. 关系代词指代先行词，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语，基本用法如下表：关系作用先行词例句词this is the boy who often helps me.这就是帮我的那个男孩；who主语 /

2、宾人语i happened to meet the professor who/ whom i got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.昨天在购物中心， 我碰巧遇到了那位我在一次聚会上熟悉的教授；whom宾语人the man whom you are waiting for has gone home.你等那个人已经回家了；thisisthepen thatwriteswell.这是那支很好写的笔；主语 / 宾this is the pen that you want.这是你想要的钢笔；that人或物语the talles

3、tplayerthatplaysfootballforour team isfrom fujian.在为我们队踢足球的最高哪个运动员来自福建；the room in which there is a machine is a work shop.主语 / 宾有个机器的房间是车间；which物语the riverwhich isin frontofmy house isveryclean.从我家前面流过的河流特别清亮；whose定语人或物the room whose door is blue is mine.蓝色房门的那个房间是我的房间；留意：一般情形下， that 既可以指人又可以指物，可以代

4、替 who, whom和 which ，在句子中充当主语，宾语或表语； which 指物，在从句中也做主语，宾语或表语，所以 which 和that 在指物时，大多时候可以互换，如：this is the movie that i like best.=this is the movie which i like best.这就是我最喜爱的电影；2. 关系代词的省略一般情形下， 关系代词作宾语时可以省略， 但如关系代词在从句中作介词宾语， 且介词在关系代词前，不能省略，如：i ll never forget the daythatwe spent together.我永久都不会遗忘与你共度的时

5、间；（可省略）i ll never forget the dayon whichwe met each other.我永久不会遗忘我们初次见面那一天；（不行省）二、关系副词关系作用词先行例句词when状语时间illneverforgettheday when i met you forthe firsttime.我永久不会遗忘初次见你的那一天；where状语地点this is the place where we have lived for 5 years.这就是我们住了五年的地方；why状语缘由i don t know the reason why he was late.的缘由；我不知道

6、他迟到留意： 与关系代词不同， 关系副词在从句中作状语，状语并不是句子必需成分，所以即使没有关系副词， 从句的内容也完整；这是关系副词与关系代词最大的不同，也是我们选题的关键；同时，关系副词大多可以拆分成介词+which 的形式，如：this is the housewhere luxun once lived.=this is the housein whichluxun once lived.这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子；三点剖析一、重难点：定语从句考查形式比较单一，单项一般考关系词的挑选，依据上表， 我们很简单依据先行词判定出关系词选谁最合适；高中会系统讲解定语从句，所以我们在中学阶段仍要明白

7、从句中的各个成分，为之后的学习做好预备；二、易错点：前文我们提到如先行词为物，关系词可以用that或 which ，而且大多数可以互换；但以下几种情形，必需用that引导定语从句：1. 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等，如：all that we have to do is to practice english.我们要做的事情就是去练习英语；2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如：the first letter that i got from him will be kept.我收到他的第一封信

8、将会被储存起来；3. 先行词被 all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰，如：ive eaten up all the food that you gave me.我把你给我的全部事物都吃光了；4. 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如：he is the only person that i want to talk with.他是我唯独想与之交谈的人；5. 先行词既有人又有物时，如:they talked about persons and things that they m

9、et.他们谈论了他们见到的人和事；题模精选题模一：关系代词例 1.1.1-what shall we do next.-take the adviceis given by dr. bloch.awhobwhichcwhosedwhom例 1.1.2the palace museum is the best placei ve ever visited.awhobwhencthatdwhere例 1.1.3完成句子1. 你有什么要对自己说的吗？do you have you want to say for yourself.2. 这是我父亲曾经住过的房子；this is a house inm

10、y father once lived.题模二：关系副词例 1.2.1this is the primary schooli studied three years ago.awherebwhencthatdwhich例 1.2.2do you remember the dayswe spent in sanya.awhenbthatcwhatdwhere例 1.2.3完成句子 你知道他缺席的缘由吗？do you know the reasonhe is absent.随堂练习随练 1.1the second booki want to read isbusinessthe speed of

11、thought.awhichbwhatcthatdas随练 1.2the bookis sold out at the moment.a. you needb. what you needc. which you need itd. that you need it随练 1.3完成句子1. 人们都喜爱那些有礼貌的人；people all like thosehave good manners.2. 这是我障碍查找的那本书；this is the booki m looking for.3. 这是我看过的最好玩的电影；this is interesting i ve ever seen.4. 我

12、仍记得第一次来北京的那一天；i still remember the dayi first came to beijing.5. 你能告知我他上班的办公室吗？can you tell me the officehe works.随练 1.4ill never forget the daysi stayed with you.awhenbin whichcthatdfor which随练 1.5is this the placelincoln once lived.athatbwhichcwheredwhen自我总结作业 1-do you know the manis talking with

13、your father.-yes, he s our headmaster.ahebwhocwhichdwhom作业 2is this the riveri can swim.awhichbin whichcthatdthe one作业 3this is the best hotel in the cityi know.awherebwhichcthatdit作业 4her sister,you met at my home, was a teacher of english.awhombthatcwhichdwho is作业 5these books are for studentsmoth

14、er language is not english.aof whombthatcwhichdwhose作业 6完成句子1. 有一些想去海南度假的人；there are some peoplewant to have a holiday in hainan.2. 刚才天空中一闪而过的是什么？what s thatflashed in the sky just now.3. 这是去武汉的最终一趟火车；the train is will go to wuhan.4. 我永久都不会遗忘我在北京度过的那些日子；i ll never forget the daysi spent in beijing.5

15、. 中国是风筝的家乡，从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度；china isthe birthplaceof kites,fromkiteflyingspreadsto japan, korea, thailand and india.答案解析定语从句题模精选题模一：关系代词例 1.1.1【答案】 b【解析】考查定语从句关系代词挑选；先行词为advice ，排除 ad；又从句缺主语而不是定语，应选 b；例 1.1.2【答案】 c【解析】考查定语从句关系代词挑选；第一依据从句缺少宾语， 所以要挑选关系代词作宾语，又先行词被 best 修饰，应选 c；例 1.1.3【答案】1. somethi

16、ng; that2. which【解析】1.考查定语从句先行词和关系词；这里对自己说话的内容不确定，所以要用something 做先行词，那么关系词肯定要用that ；2.考查关系代词挑选； 先行词为 house，应当用 which 或 that ；又跟在介词后， 只能用 which；题模二：关系副词例 1.2.1【答案】 a【解析】考查关系副词的挑选；从句是完整的句子，选关系副词，排除cd；又先行词为primary school为地点，应选a；例 1.2.2【答案】 b【解析】考查关系副词和关系代词区分；虽然先行词为时间，但并不肯定选when，我们看到从句中缺少 spent 的宾语，应选 b

17、；例 1.2.3【答案】why【解析】考查关系副词的挑选；从句句子完整，要填关系副词，又先行词为reason，所以填 why；随堂练习随练 1.1【答案】 c【解析】考查关系代词的挑选； 先行词 book 被序数词修饰时要用that引导定语从句，故选 c；随练 1.2【答案】 a【解析】考查定语从句的运用；定语从句关系词中没有what，第一排除b；cd中的 it多余，应选 a；随练 1.3【答案】1. who2. that/which3. the most; movie that4. when5. where【解析】1.考查关系代词；从句缺少主语，再结合语境，此处those 指那些人，所以填w

18、ho；2. 考查关系代词；从句缺少宾语，需要关系代词；又先行词为 book，所以填 which 和 that都可以；3. 考查关系代词；最高级修饰只能用that ；4. 考查关系副词；从句成分完整，填关系副词，先行词为day 表时间，故填when；5. 考查关系副词；从句中动词为work，为不及物动词，所以不缺宾语，用关系副词；又先行词为 office，表地点，故填 where；随练 1.4【答案】 a【解析】考查关系副词的挑选；此题从句完整，要选关系副词；先行词指时间，应选a；随练 1.5【答案】 c【解析】考查关系副词的挑选；live一词为不及物动词，不能直接跟宾语，所以要选关系副词，排除

19、ab；又此题先行词为地点，应选c；作业 1【答案】 b【解析】考查关系代词的挑选；从句缺主语，选关系代词；又先行词是人，应选b；作业 2【答案】 b【解析】考查关系代词的挑选；从句为完整句子，要选关系副词，选项中没有关系副词，b 选项表示“在河里”能够表达相同的意思，应选b；作业 3【答案】 c【解析】考查关系代词的挑选；从句缺少宾语，选关系代词，排除ad；又先行词被最高级 best 修饰，应选 c；作业 4【答案】 a【解析】考查关系代词的挑选；本句先行词为人，且在从句中作宾语，用whom，应选 a；作业 5【答案】 d【解析】考查关系代词的挑选；whose 引导的定语从句中，whose 用

20、作定语，表示“谁的”，符合题意，应选d；作业 6【答案】1. who2. which3. the last one that4. that5. which【解析】1.考查关系代词；从句缺主语，选关系代词；又先行词是人，所以用who；2. 考查关系代词； 从句缺少主语， 先行词为物， 用 that和 which 都可以； 又先行词为 that ， 防止重复造成歧义，所以填which；3. 考查关系代词；先行词中包含las t 的物，只能用 that ；4. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分；从句spent 明显缺少宾语，所以尽管先行词是时间， 当做事物看待，故填that ；5. 考查关系代词；介词后

21、只能用which 来指代先行词；动词不定式动词不定式学问精讲非谓语动词指的是在句中不能单独作谓语，但保留动词的某些特点（如有自己的宾语或状语等）的动词形式；非谓语包括动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词；非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但要遵循基本的时态语态规章，在句中充当各种成分；一、动词不定式基本构成形式结构例句确定形式to+ 动词原形the teacherasked hisstudentstofinishtheirhomeworkon time.老师让同学们按时完成作业；否定形式not to+动词原aunt li often tells her sonnot to eattoo much

22、 sugar.形李阿姨经警告她的儿子不要吃太多的糖；被动形式to+be+ 过去分he would liketo be treatedas a child.词他喜爱被当成孩子般看待；留意 ：动词不定式在一些感官动词 （ see, watch,hear 等）或使役动词 （make, let,have等）的后面，做宾补时，通常会省略to ，如： the boss made me work ten hours a day.=i was made to work ten hours a day by the boss.这个老板让我一天工作十个小时；二、动词不定式的语法功能动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、表

23、语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）；1. 不定式作主语1). 动词不定式短语作句子主语时，视为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数，如：to make work more efficient is our goal.让工作更有效率是我们的目标；2). 不定式短语作主语时，为了考虑句子的平稳，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的不定式主语放在句子后面，结构为：it+is/ was+adj. +for sb.+动词不定式，如上一句话也可写成：it s our goal to make work efficient.我们的目标是让工作更有效率；it s very important for us

24、 to learn english well.学好英语对于我们来说很重要；2. 动词不定式作宾语1). 动词不定式跟在及物动词后作宾语，这种形式特别常见， 就是我们平常积存的一些动词后面跟 to do形式，如：i have decided to study hard.我已经打算要刻苦学习；常见的这类动词有： begin, choose, continue, decide, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, pretend,promise, refuse,

25、 try, want, wish, determine, afford, agree, start, like等；2). 在 find ， think后跟不定式时，常用it代替，而将真正宾语，即不定式放在后面，如：i find it not easy to achieve one s goal.我发觉实现一个人的目标并不简单；3). 有些不定式结构中的to 会省略，直接跟动词原形， 这样的结构有： whynot do , why dont you do , had better not do , would rather do等，如：i would rather stay at home.我宁

26、愿待在家里；3. 不定式作宾语补足语1). 不定式宾补很常见， 结构为： 动词+sb. to do sth,这样的动词有： tell,ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage等，如：the teacher advised us to have a rest first.老师建议我们先休息一下；2). see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带 to ，但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to ，如：my mom made me clean the house.=i was

27、 made to clean the house by my mom.我妈妈让我把房间打扫洁净；留意：help（帮忙）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to ，也可不带 to ，即 helpsb.todo sth. ，如：he often helps his parents to do their housework.他常常帮忙他父母做家务；4. 不定式作定语不定式有时起形容词作用，修饰名词，代词， 在句中作定语； 不定式作定语位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday.昨天谁第一个登上了山顶

28、？he is the man to depend on/to believe in.他是一个值得信任 / 信任的人；5. 不定式作状语不定式放在不及物动词后可表目的或缘由状语，也可以放在一些形容词后；1). 目的状语：she reads china daily every day to improve her english.她每天都读中国日报，来提高自己的英语才能；2). 缘由状语：i m glad to see you.很兴奋见到你；注：这种“ be形容词不定式” 结构，其不定式有时也可视为宾语， 如：he iseager to go to college./ she is sure to

29、 come here.3). 结果状语：they lived to see the liberation of their hometown.他们始终活到见到家乡解放；(1). 在“ too to ”结构中表“太结果不能”，如：he is too weak to do the work.他太过虚弱，以至于不能工作；注： too 之前假如有 only, only too表“特别”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表确定意；如：they are onlytoo luckytogo abroad fora visit. 他们很幸运去国外拜访；另外，too 后假如是 happy,glad之类形容词

30、时，不定式也表确定意，如：she was too happy to meet her old friend in thestreet.(2). 在“形容词 / 副词 enough不定式”结构中表“足以能”，如：he is strong enough to do the work .他足以胜任此项工作；6. 疑问词不定式不定式可以和疑问代词who，what，which 及疑问副词 when，how，where 连用，构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：how to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语） 如何按时完成任务是个问题；we do

31、nt know when and where to go.（宾语） 我们不知道何时动身，也不知道要去哪；三点剖析一、重点： 不定式的形式变化，不定式的语法功能；二、难点： 不定式在句子中充当不同成分时的规章和例外；中考阶段主要考查不定式的使用，仍要求考生把握动词不定式作宾语、宾补以及疑问连用结构，懂得动词不定式作主语、定语和表语的基本用法；考试中多以动词之后跟to do 仍是 doing 的形式显现， 所以懂得的同时， 积存一些固定搭配也是本节学问学习必不行少的；三、易错点：1. 形式主语的使用在 it+is/ was+adj. for sb. to do的结构中，如形容词为表示人的内在品质，

32、就介词不用 for而用 of ，如：it s very cleverof you to do like that.你那么做真是太聪慧了； （正确）it s very kindforyou to help me.你能帮我真是太好了； （错误）2. 使役动词省略 to 的不定式的被动形式一些使役动词的不定式中to 可省略，被动需仍原，如：iwas made to finishmy homework on time by my teacher.（正确） iwas made finishmy homework on time by my teacher.（错误） 老师让我按时完成作业；题模精选题模一：

33、动词不定式基本应用例 1.1.1in orderfor the meeting, my sister forced herself to get up early this morning.anot to be latebnot being latecto be latedbeing late例 1.1.2用动词适当形式填空；the teacherraisedhisvoiceso thathe couldmake students him clearly. hear例 1.1.3i didnt see you last week.i had a bad cold. the doctor ask

34、ed meat home for a week.astaybstayingcstayeddto stay题模二：动词不定式语法功能例 1.2.1to climb the tall treesvery dangerous.aarebiscweredwas例 1.2.2he wantssome vegetables.abuybbuyingcto buydbuys例 1.2.3so much work usually makes themvery tired.ato feelbfeelscfeelingdfeel例 1.2.4-do you know neil armstrong.-yes. he

35、is the first manon the moon.awalkbwalkscto walkdwalked例 1.2.5whynot your teacherforhelp when you cant finish it by yourself.aask; writebto ask; writingcask; writingdasking; write例 1.2.6用动词适当形式填空；我想知道要去哪？i want to knowgo随堂练习随练 1.1the new hospitalis near the factory.abuildbbuildscto builddto be built随

36、练 1.2it s our dutythe room every day.ato cleanbcleanedccleandcleans随练 1.3we have two rooms, but i can t decide.a. to live; to choose which oneb. lived; choose which onec. to live in; which one to choosed. live; which one随练 1.4we saw himthe building and go upstairs.ato enterbentercenteringdentered随练

37、1.5my parents always tell memore vegetables and fruit.a. eatbeatingceatsdto eat随练 1.6用动词的适当形式填空；1. i hopefinda good jobin a foreigncompany afteri graduatefrom school.2. father asks menot play computer games before finishing myhomework.3. he found it hardcatch up with his classmates.4. let himhavea r

38、est.i thinkhe must be tiredafterthe longwalk.5. allthe childrenlikemr. white very much because he oftenmakes them laugh.自我总结作业 1it took me two weeksreading the novels written by guo jingming.afinishbto finishcfinishesdfinishing作业 2this question is too difficult. i find it really hardit by myself.aan

39、swerbansweringcto answerdanswered作业 3boys and girls, attention please. now let me tell youto the bird island.ahow to getbwhat to getcwhom to getdwhere to get作业 4the studentsin grade threetheirhomework formore than three hours every day, so theyhave any time to watch tv.a. were made to do; hardlyb. a

40、re made to do; hardlyc. were made do; hardlyd. are made do; hardly作业 5our teacher often asks usquestions in groups.adiscussbto discusscdiscussingddiscussed作业 6用词的适当形式填空1. i was tired out, so i stopped the carhave a short rest.2. let sgo for a walk, shall we.3. -excuse me, could you tell me howget to

41、 the beijing zoo.-well, you may take bus no.27.4. it is impossible for youteach her well.5. the boyfoundithard classmates.getalongwiththeother答案解析动词不定式题模精选题模一：动词不定式基本应用例 1.1.1【答案】 a【解析】考查动词不定式的否定表达；句意：为了开会不迟到， 我姐姐迫使自己今日早晨很早起床；不定式否定直接在to 前加 not ，应选 a；例 1.1.2【答案】hear【解析】考查使役动词省略to 的不定式表达；句意：老师提高了他的嗓音以

42、便同学们能够清晰地听到他；使役动词后为省略to 的不定式，故填原形hear ；例 1.1.3【答案】 d【解析】考查动词固定搭配； ask sb. to do sth.；题模二：动词不定式语法功能例 1.2.1【答案】 b【解析】考查不定式作主语；不定式作主语视为单数，排除ac；这是对事实陈述， 用一般现在时，应选b；例 1.2.2【答案】 c【解析】考查动词不定式作宾语；want 后跟不定式作宾语，结构为want to do sth. ， 意为“想去做某事” ，应选 c；例 1.2.3【答案】 d【解析】考查动词不定式作宾补；make为使役动词，后接不定式作补语省略to ，应选 d；例 1.2.4【答案】 c【解析】考查不定式作定语； he is the first man to walk on the moon意为“第一个在月球上行走的人” ，动词修饰名词需要用不定式形式，跟在名词之后，应选c；例 1.2.5【答案】 c【解析】考查疑问词 +不定式； why not 后跟不定式省略to ，排除 bd； finish后跟doing 做宾语，即finish doing sth. ，应选 c；例 1.2.6【答案】where to go【解析】考查“疑问词 +不定式”结构；依据句意，所以填where to go ；随堂练习随练 1.1【答案】