WTO架构下之贸易谈判)ppt课件

1、Trade Bargaining under the WTO:An Example of US-China Trade(WTO架構下之貿易談判架構下之貿易談判)Dr. Pei-Shan Kao, Assistant ProfessorNational Chiao Tung UniversityCentre for General EducationUnit 6I.IntroductionII.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchangeIII.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictionsIV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargai

2、ningundertheWTORegimeV.ConclusionQuestion1:DidtheWTOpromoteUS-ChinatradebargainingsinceChinasentryin2001?Question2:HavetheirtradefrictionsbeenresolvedundertheWTOregime?Question3:CanthemechanismoftheWTOfacilitateeffectivelyUS-Chinatradebargaininghenceresolvestheirdisputesandpromotestheirrelations?Que

3、stion4:HowdidtheWTOchangeandaffectChinastradebehaviorandChinasrelationswithitstradingpartners? Source: english.pravda.ru/img/2005/10/wto2.jpg, “consulted in March 2021.US-ChinaTradeRelations:Sincetheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsin1979,theysignedatradeagreementgrantingeachotherthemost-favoure

4、d-nation(MFN)status.Thetwo-waytradedevelopedandgrewrapidly.Manytradedisputesandfrictionsoccurred.Americanswereunsatisfiedwithmanyproblems:e.g.Chinasarbitraryadministrativeinterferenceanddiscriminatoryregulatoryprocesses,tradebarriers,andunfairandnon-transparenttradepracticeswereprevalent.TheU.S.Awel

5、comedChinasentryintotheWTOAmericansandWesternCountriesExpectationsofChinasaccessiontotheWTO*OpeningtheChinesemarkettobringhugecommercialbenefitstothem.*ReducingChinesetradebarriersingoods,servicesandagriculturalproducts.*ReducingChinasrestrictionsonimportsanddistribution.*Todecreasetheirtradedeficit

6、withChina.*ToensurethetransparencyofChinastradepolicyandestablishafairandstabletradingenvironment.*ToobligeChinatobehaveaccordingtothewestern-stylerulesoflawandtoexpanditsOpenDoorpolicy.II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange*According to the US-China Business Council, the bilateral trade increased from

7、 $85.5 billion in 1998 to $386.7 billion in 2007; it grew 4.5 times. Figure1AnnualGrowthRateofUS-ChinaBilateralTrade1998-2021010203019981999200020012002200320042005200620072008Y earA nnual G row t h Rat e(% )Source: “US-China Trade Statistics and Chinas World Trade Statistics US-China Business Counc

8、il, /statistics/tradetable.html, “consulted in March 2021.*China now is worlds third-largest economy after the United States and Japan.*China is also now worlds third-largest trading nation, following the USA and Germany.*China-US two-way trade accounted for 17.7% of Chinas total trade am

9、ount. *The United States now is Chinas largest trading partner. It is also Chinas largest export market, and its fourth-largest import supplier. *China is Americas third-largest export market and it is also Americas fastest growing export market.*China has passed Canada, becomes Americas biggest imp

10、ort supplier. US-ChinaTradeStructure:Table1:TopUSExportstoChina2007-1.Electricalmachineryandequipment2.Powergenerationequipment3.Airandspacecraft4.Oilseedsandoleaginousfruits5.Plasticsandarticlesthereof6.Opticsandmedicalequipment7.Ironandsteel8.Copperandarticlesthereof9.Organicchemicals10.Pulpandpap

11、erboard-Source:TheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,/statistics/tradetable.html,“consultedinMarch2021. Sourceofthephotos:mrmz.ru/global/img/com_foto/f5.jpg;made-in-china/image/2f0j00EvjTLdSCnfpsM/Electrical-Machinery.jpg;.uk/netregs/businesses/62245.aspx,“consultedinMarch2021.

12、Table2:TopUSImportsfromChina2007-1.Electricalmachineryandequipment2.Powergenerationequipment3.Toysandgames4.Apparel5.Furniture6.Footwearandpartsthereof7.Ironandsteel8.Plasticsandarticlesthereof9.Leatherandtravelgoods10.Vehiclesotherthanrailway-Source:TheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,/statistics

13、/tradetable.html,“consultedinMarch2021. Source of the photos: react365/power-generation.php; babysoft.sg/baby-products/baby-toys/soft-toys-plush-toy-TOY004-0.jpg; farm2.static.flickr/1220/1145199436_c9e7505313.jpg;home-office-design.co.uk/acatalog/office_furniture_BOOKCASES.jpg, “consulted in March

14、2021. China has gradually shifted its export structure from labour-intensive products such as textiles; shoes; and toys to capital-intensive goods.US-Chinatradereachedaparticularlyhighlevelofgrowth:theyearsafter1979,whentheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsinthepost-ColdWarera.TotalUS-Chinabilate

15、raltradeincreasedfrom$17.8billionin1989toover$409billionin2021ChinahasbecometheUSAslargestdeficittradingpartner,ChinahadatradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesof$266.3billionin2021.TradeDisputesandConflictsAppearedQuarrels before China joined the WTO:Chinas MFN status, Chinese exchange rate, IPRIII.Bilater

16、alTradeDisputesandFrictionsAfter China joined the WTO: Disputes sent to the DSB A dispute arises when one member believes another is violating an agreement or a commitment Appeal to the DSB to resolve the dispute The DSB will establish “Dispute Panels to consider the case (The panels will make recom

17、mendation) The “Appellate Body can amend the panels recommendation Disputes settled “out of court, or remain in a prolonged consultation phaseTable3.US-ChinaTradeDisputesBroughttoWTOComplaintRespondentChinaChinaChinaUSAUSAUSAsteel safeguards(DS 252)anti-dumping duty on coated free sheet paper (DS 36

18、8)anti-dumping duties (DS 379)Chinapreferential VAT for IC(DS 309)auto parts(DS 340)ComplaintRespondentUSAUSAUSAUSAUSA ChinaTax refunds (DS 358)IPR(DS 362)Publication and audiovisualservices(DS 363)financialservices(DS 373)grants,loans(DS 387) IV. Analysis on US-China Trade Bargaining under the WTO

19、Regime Savetheconsultationandbargainingtime: e.g.OnthecasesofChinaspreferentialVATratefordomesticallyproducedICs(DS309);themeasuresChinaimposedonforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicessuppliers(DS373)wereresolved“out-of-courtwithin4monthsevenwithoutestablishingapanelasChinaagreedtoamendthemea

20、sures. 2.Disputesresolvedwithoutexchangingconditionsasbefore: e.g.(before)MFNlinkedwithhumanrightsissues(after)Tradeissuesdonotneedtobe“politicised3.Toensuretherealisationofstatescommitment:WTOisalong-termanditerativegame,“theshadowofthefuturecanbelengthened;therewillbenocommitmentproblems.e.g.onthe

21、caseofUSsteelsafeguardmeasures(DS252),althoughAmericawasunsatisfiedwiththepanelreport,andappealedtotheAppellateBody,iteventuallyacceptedthedecisionoftheDSBandpromisedtoterminatealloftherelativesafeguardmeasures.thegameisrepeated,ifChinaandtheUnitedStateswanttoplayit,theywilleventuallychoosetocoopera

22、te. Source: /images/top_logo.gif, “consulted in March 2021.4. Trade Policy Reviews Mechanism (TPRM): WTO helps to monitor and supervise states behaviour and trade practices: e.g. Press released by the WTO (June 2021):The United States has taken further steps to liberalise its trade regime sin

23、ce its previous review in 2006. 5. To provide information about others preferences and intentions; decrease states uncertainty and fears for cooperating with others: e.g. On the case of restricting foreign financial information services and service suppliers (DS 373), China released information by t

24、he WTO expressing its will to revise the measures and reached an agreement with the United States.Conclusion-Since China joined the WTO, although the WTO could not help the United States to decrease its deficits with China, it did promote US-China trade relations by resolving their trade frictions. -Many disputes such as US s