SEIT_ppt_lecture5PerformanceofBusinessContract

1、Business Contract商务合同商务合同Tessa LiaoSpecialized English for International Trade2015-04-14Preparation for export transactionNegotiationImplementationNegotiaionPerformance of export transactionBusiness ContractWarm-up questionOnce the offer is effectively accepted by the offeree, the contract between o

2、fferor and offeree will be automatically concluded (成立、缔结成立、缔结). When will a business contract be concluded?IntroductionNegotiationValidity of contractBreach of contract and remediesFormation of contractContentKey Terms Offer: 要约 Offeror/promisor: 要约人 Offeree/promisee: 受要约人，承诺人 Acceptance: 接受，承诺 Inv

3、itation to treat/Invitation offer: 要约邀请 Quasi-contract: 准契约、准合同 Conclusion: (of contracts)成立、缔结 Consideration: 对价 Remedy: 救济措施 Damages: 赔偿金I.Introduction- An agreement which sets binding obligations of the business parties concerned.1. Definition of a contract Business Contract1. Definition of a con

4、tract-Under Common Law (英美法系), contract means a promise (允诺) or set of promises, for breach of which the law gives a remedy(救济措施). -Under Civil Law (大陆法系), contract is a “mutual assent” or “meeting of minds”(合意). Contract-大陆法系大陆法系( (Civil law system) ) 以成文法即制定法(Statutory law)的方式存在。 法国、德国、意大利、日本、中华人民

5、共和国（除香港外）等均采用大陆法系。-英美法系英美法系( (Common law system) ) 注重法典的延续性，以判例法（Case law）为主要形式。 美国、加拿大、印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉、马来西亚、新加坡、大韩民国以及非洲的个别国家和地区。Civil law vs. Common law system 2. Contract lawPart of the law of obligations (债法/债权法).tort 侵权行为法unjust enrichment 不当得利法restitution 赔偿法/返还法 Based on the principle of pacta su

6、nt servanda (pacts must be kept, 有约必守)II.Formation of contract合同的成立合同的成立1.Offer & acceptance 要约与承诺2.Intention to create leagal relations 建立法律关系的意愿 3.Consideration 对价Three essential elements for the formation of a contract合同成立三要件合同成立三要件1. Offer and Acceptance要约和承诺要约和承诺Article 13： The parties shall co

7、nclude a contract in the form of offer and acceptance. 合同法第十三条：当事人订立合同，采取要约、承诺方式。 Negotiation Offer Acceptance A contract existsOffer要约要约An offer is a statement by one party of a willingness to enter into a contract on stated terms, provided that these terms are, in turn, accepted by the party or pa

8、rties to whom the offer is addressed. 要约是一方向另一方提出的愿意按一定的条件同对方订立合同，且一旦要约被对方承诺即对要约的一方产生约束力的一种意思表示。An invitation to treat要约邀请要约邀请used to invite others to make offer (邀请对方向自己发出要约) lack of the intention to create a binding obligationExamples: display of goods for sale, an advertisement, posted samples (寄

9、送的样品)Article 21: An acceptance is the offerees manifestation of intention to enter into a binding agreement on the terms stated in the offer.承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。Acceptance承诺承诺An acceptance must be made by the offeree.An acceptance must be communicated to the offeror.Requirements of acceptanceAn accepta

10、nce must be made within the period of validity.Mostly, silence and inactivity cannot be explained as acceptance.Implied contract 默示默示合同合同Offer and acceptance does not always need to be expressed orally or in writing. Implied in fact 事实默示Two categories Implied in law 法律默示e.g. Body checkup, direct ord

11、erCircumstances imply that parties have reached an agreement even though they have not done so expressly. Implied in law 法律默示 quasi-contract 准合同e.g. Mistaken installation of a sprinkler system (自动洒水系统) in the lawn(草坪) of the wrong houseA quasi-contract is a means for the court to remedy (救济) situati

12、ons in which one party would be unjustly enriched (不当得利) were he or she not required to compensate the other.Is the house owner liable for (有责任) payment?2. Consideration 对价对价 The price of a promise 承诺的代价 Not necessary in civil law systemsFunction: An agreement without consideration is not enforceabl

13、e.No free lunch! pay 2000 to seller buyer seller deliver a car to buyer Buyer promised to pay $2000 to seller if seller gives his car to him. In this promise, buyer is the offeror (要约人), seller is the offeree (受约人). Sellers delivery of a car is consideration for buyers offer to pay $2000.Seller prom

14、ised to deliver his car to buyer if buyer pays $2000.In this promise, buyers paying $ 2000 is consideration for sellers promise to give a car.Rules of considerationConsideration must be real, but need not be adequate. 真实但不需充分e.g. $10 for a computer?Consideration must not be from the past.e.g. 母亲贷款教育

15、女儿，能不能从女婿那儿获得补偿？Consideration must move from the promisee1. Agreement （协议）an offer by one party and an acceptance of that offer by the other2. Legal intention （缔约意向）an intention that the agreement shall have legal consequences3. Consideration （对价）each party must give something, or promise to give so

16、mething, in return for the others act or promiseThree essential elements for the formation of a contractIs there a contract?利用合同三要件判断合同是利用合同三要件判断合同是否存在否存在.Case study甲鞋店 vs. 乙鞋厂Plaintiff (原告)：Shoes store （甲鞋店）Defendant (被告)：Shoes manufacturer（乙鞋厂）甲鞋店于1月6日向乙鞋厂发函要求购买1000双男、女式时装鞋，式样及质量要求与乙鞋厂一周前送去的样品一样。单

17、价为男鞋120元，女鞋110元，货款在货到后十五天内一次付清，并请对方在1月底前答复。乙鞋厂于1月8日收到甲鞋店的购买信息，因厂长外出参加展销会不在厂里，厂推销员李某根据自己的工作职责，在调查了解了市场价格后，于1月27日以邮寄平信的方式向甲鞋店提出：“该类时装鞋无论男、女鞋，出厂价均为120元，而且必须购买2000双时，才能以此价成交。”1月28日，乙鞋厂厂长从展销会回来，说展销会上这种时装鞋供不应求，价格还在不断上涨，以每双120元的价格卖出太亏了。于是于当天通过传真的方式，以展销会定货量已满为由，告知甲鞋店不再供货。甲鞋店在收到样品时已决定购货，并且以为其按鞋厂的价格一定可以成交，所以作

18、广告等造成了经济损失，故要求鞋厂赔偿。推销员李某于1月27日寄出的平信，到达乙鞋店所在地的时间为1月30日9时。试分析：1.甲鞋店向乙鞋厂发之函属于要约还是要约邀请？乙鞋厂推销员李某于1月27日向甲鞋店寄出的平信属于要约还是要约邀请？2.双方的买卖合同是否已经成立？为什么(试结合合同成立三要素进行回答)？3.甲鞋店作广告等造成的经济损失，可否要求乙鞋厂赔偿？评析：评析：1.甲鞋店向乙鞋厂发之函属于要约。乙鞋厂推销员李某于1月27日向甲鞋店寄出的平信也属于要约。2.未成立。甲鞋店所发函没有得到乙鞋厂的承诺，乙鞋厂发出了新的要约，此新要约的到达时间为1月30日，但是在要约生效以前，乙鞋厂已经于1月

19、28日传真撤回了此新要约，故要约没有生效。3.乙鞋厂向甲鞋店寄送样品的行为本身不构成要约，只能是要约邀请，此时合同根本未成立，甲鞋店自行做广告造成损失，乙鞋厂不应承担责任；此外，鞋厂则已经及时向对方通知了不欲订合同的意思表示，对方在合同缔结之前自作主张打出广告，经济损失应由自己承担。III. Validity of contract合同的生效合同的生效Three essential elements for the validity of a contract合同生效三要件合同生效三要件1. Contractual capacity 缔约能力2. Genuineness of assent 真

20、实性(mistake, mispresentation, duress胁迫, fraud欺诈)3. Legality 合法性Contractual capacity缔约能力缔约能力 The intellectual (智力的) ability and wisdom to understand what is being agreed and the consequence of ones business act. The law persumes that an adult has contractual capacity.IV.Breach of contractand remedies1. Breach of contract合同违约合同违约 A breach of contract is failure to perform as stated in the contract. minor breach 轻微违约 materia