chapter3attitudeandjobsatisfaction

1、Chapter 3Attitude and Job satisfactionAttitudesAttitudesEvaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events.Affective ComponentThe emotional or feeling segment of an attitude.Cognitive componentThe opinion or belief segment of an attitude.Behavioral ComponentAn intention to beha

2、ve in a certain way toward someone or something.ATTITUDES AND CONSISTENCY People seek consistency among their attitudes between their attitudes and behavior.InconsistencyAltering attitudesAltering behaviorsDeveloping a rationalizationFor the discrepancy勒温参与态度改变理论勒温参与态度改变理论勒温勒温(Kurt (Kurt LewinLewin)

3、 )研究发现个体态度的改变同群体的规范和研究发现个体态度的改变同群体的规范和价值紧密相关。个体在群体中的活动性质决定他的态度，也价值紧密相关。个体在群体中的活动性质决定他的态度，也会改变他的态度。会改变他的态度。采取演讲灌输的方式，由采取演讲灌输的方式，由营养专家讲解动物内脏的营养专家讲解动物内脏的营养价值及烹饪方法和口营养价值及烹饪方法和口味等，要求她们改变对内味等，要求她们改变对内脏的厌恶态度。脏的厌恶态度。不同的活动方式对美国家庭主妇改变持杂碎的态度的影响不同的活动方式对美国家庭主妇改变持杂碎的态度的影响采取讨论的方式，组织她采取讨论的方式，组织她们对动物内脏的营养价值、们对动物内脏的营

4、养价值、烹饪方法及口味等展开讨烹饪方法及口味等展开讨论，最后由营养专家指导论，最后由营养专家指导每个人烹煮。每个人烹煮。3 3的人改变了态度的人改变了态度3232的人改变了态度的人改变了态度The Theory of Cognitive DissonanceCognitive DissonanceAny incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.Individuals will seek a stable state in which there is a minimum of

5、 dissonance.THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE (EXAMPLE) No individual can completely avoid dissonance. Cheating on your income tax is wrong, but you fudge the income numbers a bit every year with the hope that you arent audited. 你认为偷税漏税是错误的,但你还是会篡改你的收入数据,同时希望不会被审计.THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

6、 (EXAMPLE)Corporate manager believes: no company should pollute the air or waterJob requirements (element):Dumping the sewage into local water is in the best interest of firmCompanys profitabilityAttitudes on pollution=THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE (EXAMPLE)A high degree of cognitive dissonance

7、 because of the importance of the elementsSolving pathsChange behavior (stop polluting the river)Reduce dissonance (as a corporate decision maker, behavior should be in the best interest of organization)Change attitude (nothing wrong in polluting the river)Consonant elements outweigh dissonance elem

8、ents(the benefits from manufacturing products more thanOffset the cost to society of the resulting pollution)诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡诸葛亮对马谡的诸葛亮对马谡的态度：态度：喜欢喜欢1 1）马谡是亲信）马谡是亲信2 2）马谡是人才）马谡是人才诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡诸葛亮为什么要杀马谡？诸葛亮为什么要杀马谡？失街亭失街亭依法治蜀依法治蜀诸葛亮斩马谡为什诸葛亮斩马谡为什么要么要“挥泪挥泪”？诸葛亮的态度与其行诸葛亮的态度与其行为不一致为不一致诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡：诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡：认知失调认知

9、失调为什么认知失调，为什么认知失调，1）有重要因素（依法治蜀）有重要因素（依法治蜀）2）失调有奖励（精诚团结）失调有奖励（精诚团结）Moderating Variables The most powerful moderators of the attitude-behavior relationship are: Importance of the attitude Correspondence to behavior Accessibility Existence of social pressures Personal and direct experience of the attit

10、ude.AttitudesPredictBehaviorModerating Variables3-11 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.Predicting Behavior from Attitudes Important attitudes have a strong relationship to behavior. The closer the match between attitude and behavior, the stronger the relationship: Specific attitudes predic

11、t specific behavior General attitudes predict general behavior The more frequently expressed an attitude, the better predictor it is. High social pressures reduce the relationship and may cause dissonance. Attitudes based on personal experience are stronger predictors.3-12 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. Al

12、l rights reserved.TYPES OF ATTITUDES (JOB-RELATED ATTITUDES)Job-related attitudesJob SatisfactionJob InvolvementOrganizational CommitmentTypes of Attitudes (Job-related attitudes)Job InvolvementIdentifying with the job, actively participating in it, and considering performance important to self-wort

13、h.Organizational CommitmentIdentifying with a particular organization and its goals, and wishing to maintain membership in the organization.Job SatisfactionA collection of positive and/or negative feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job. TYPES OF ATTITUDES (JOB-RELATED ATTITUDES)Orga

14、nizational commitmentpredictorJob satisfactionpredictorturnoverAnother Major Job Attitude Organizational Commitment Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, while wishing to maintain membership in the organization. Three dimensions: Affective emotional attachment to organization Con

15、tinuance Commitment economic value of staying Normative - moral or ethical obligations Has some relation to performance, especially for new employees. Less important now than in past now perhaps more of occupational commitment, loyalty to profession rather than a given employer.3-16 2009 Prentice-Ha

16、ll Inc. All rights reserved.And Yet More Major Job Attitudes Perceived Organizational Support (POS) Degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. Higher when rewards are fair, employees are involved in decision-making, and supervisors

17、are seen as supportive. High POS is related to higher OCBs and performance. Employee Engagement The degree of involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the job. Engaged employees are passionate about their work and company.3-17 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.你理想的工作是怎样的？你理想

18、的工作是怎样的？ The best job in the world!每天漫步于蓝天白云的沙滩上，偶尔下水帮鱼群拍照，每天漫步于蓝天白云的沙滩上，偶尔下水帮鱼群拍照，再免费帮你出机票至邻近岛屿探险，这么好的工作还有再免费帮你出机票至邻近岛屿探险，这么好的工作还有1515万澳币的薪水可以领。万澳币的薪水可以领。 JOB SATISFACTIONInteraction with co-workers and bossesFollowing organizational rules and policiesMeeting performance standardsLiving with workin

19、g conditionsJob Satisfaction One of the primary job attitudes measured. Broad term involving a complex individual summation of a number of discrete job elements. How to measure? Single global rating：(one question/one answer) - Best Summation score：(many questions/one average) - OKSee E X H I B I T 3

20、23-20 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved. Single global rating method: “All things considered, how satisfied are you with your job?” “Summation score method: Key elements in the job: Nature of work, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, relationships Are people satisfied in the

21、ir jobs? In the U. S., yes, but the level appears to be dropping. Results depend on how job satisfaction is measured. Pay and promotion are the most problematic elements. Pay influences job satisfaction only to a point. After about $40,000 a year (in the U. S.), there is no relationship between amou

22、nt of pay and job satisfaction. Money may bring happiness, but not necessarily job satisfaction. Personality can influence job satisfaction. Negative people are usually not satisfied with their jobs. Those with positive core self-evaluation are more satisfied with their jobs.Causes of Job Satisfacti

23、onSee E X H I B I T 333-23 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.HOW EMPLOYEES CAN EXPRESS DISSATISFACTIONEmployee dissatisfaction expressed in many ways:Quit, complain, be insubordinate, steal organizational property, shirk responsibilityHOW EMPLOYEES CAN EXPRESS DISSATISFACTION Exit Behavior

24、 directed toward leaving the organization.HOW EMPLOYEES CAN EXPRESS DISSATISFACTION Voice Active and constructive attempts to improve conditions.HOW EMPLOYEES CAN EXPRESS DISSATISFACTION Loyalty Passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. Trusting organization and management Spea

25、king up for organization against external criticismHOW EMPLOYEES CAN EXPRESS DISSATISFACTION Neglect Allowing conditions to worsen. Chronic absenteeism Reduced effort Increased error rateEmployee Responses to DissatisfactionSee E X H I B I T 34ActivePassiveConstructiveDestructive3-29 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.Outcomes of Job Satisfaction Job Performance Satisfied workers are more productive AND more productive workers are more satisfied! The causality may run both ways. Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Satisfact