《美国宪法》读后感

1、美国宪法读后感美国，是一个年轻的国家，自1776年北美13个殖民地宣布独立至今，才走过200多年的历程；美国，是一个古老的国家，其成文宪法和联邦制度的“年龄”在世界上均首屈一指，由此，还可以说，美国，是一个神奇的国家，没有联邦宪法，就没有事实上的美利坚合众国，可以说是一部宪法缔造了一个强大的国家。美国宪法不过二十多页，文字清楚扼要，读起来并不难懂。但这些简单的文字背后，却处处蕴藏着深厚的宪政与共和精神。这可以从以下几个主题中看到：一、联邦与洲的关系美国这个国家确实与众不同，以致使它在政府的权力分配上都要独树一帜大多数国家的权力都是由中央层层向下分配，美国恰恰相反，中央的权力来自地方联合同意下的

2、赋予。联邦政府是否过强，权力是否过大，州政府的权力和自由是否被华盛顿所盖过，从开国至今，一直是美国政治争论中的一个话题。在联邦与洲的关系中美国宪法首先明确了联邦政府与洲政府的法律地位。美国宪法第6条规定：“本宪法和依本宪法所制定的合众国法律，以及根据合众国的权力已缔结或将缔结的一切条约，都是全国的最高法律；每个州的法官都应受其约束，即使州的宪法和法律中有与之相抵触的内容。”这一条从肯定联邦法律高于州法律的角度，对联邦政府高于州政府的法律地位作出了宪法规定。另一方面宪法规定联邦负有对州的保护义务。美国宪法第4条第4款规定：“合众国保证本联邦各州实行共和政体，保护每州免遭入侵，并应州议会或州行政长

3、官(在州议会不能召开时)的请求平定内乱。”对于联邦权力，美国宪法采取列举的方式规定，对于洲权力的界定则适用推定原则。美国宪法修正案第10条规定“宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人民保留。”由此可见，作为一项重要的制度创新,美国联邦制不仅自始就形成了不同于以往和同期世界其他国家联邦制的鲜明特点,而且还发挥着屏蔽党争之弊、保障自由权利和弘扬法治精神的重要功能。二、三权分立和权力制衡美国总统，被认为是世界上最有影响力的领袖之一，但他在国内的政治系统里却并没有左右一切的权力。即使在总统本份内的国防、外交范围内，也难免要费九牛二虎之力向国会游说、胁迫（并非指以权力压之）或利

4、诱（并非指行贿），或是直接争取民众的支持，才能推动他的政策。我们有句古话“长安居大不易”，美国则是“华盛顿居大不易”，或者可以说“民主总统不易为”！这种相互制衡，正是美国政治上的奥妙；更奥妙的是这种体制从美国开国之始就定下来了。美国宪法开篇就确立了三权分立的原则，在第1条、第2条、第3条规定的首句话分别是：“本宪法授予的全部立法权，属于由参议院和众议院组成的合众国国会”；“行政权属于美利坚合众国总统”;“合众国的司法权，属于最高法院和国会不时规定和设立的下级法院”,从而鲜明地勾勒出美国的立法权、行政权和司法权分别由国会、总统和法院行使。三权分立包含了“分权”与“制衡”缺一不可的两个方面，分权是

5、制衡的前提和基础，没有分权就无法形成制衡的格局；制衡是分权的目的和结果，分权的意义就在于以权力制约权力。二者相互联系、相互渗透，并在调整美国社会的政治、经济、文化过程中得以具体贯彻和体现。三、人人平等美国宪法，是为了组织联邦政府的同时又要限制联邦政府欺压人民而产生的，因此美国宪法虽然在确立之初并未写入公民权利，但在以后通过的宪法修正案及其他权利法案中，规定了大量的有关公民个人的权利，体现了人人平等的原则。1868年美国宪法的第14条修正案标志着美国公法的一个转折点，为生命、自由和财产提供了充分的保障，并确立了美国法律上的两项重要原则“适当的法律程序”和“平等的法律保护”不仅人人都有平等地获得法

6、律保护的权利，各州之间也要保持平等地位，原则上任何州都不能获得联邦政府的特殊对待。根据宪法的规定，各州还要互相尊重和承认彼此的法律，州政府和联邦政府要在形式上保持共和体制。这就使得政府必须守法，而且不能随意制定法律鱼肉百姓，从而可以看出保障人民乃至少数人的权利，是美国宪法的目的。观察到这些之后，再结合美国宪法的诞生过程继续思考，不禁会有更多感慨：Firstly，the constitutional way of America can not be copied. America was not a real country when it issued the Declaration of

7、Independence on July 4th,1776.It was just some loose colonies. It was a confederation that knocked together temporary by the people who pursued of freedom and resisted the British tyranny . They had a war with Britain for eight years in order to defend freedom and strive for rights. They would break

8、 up and go back to their homes after they won the war. However, four years later, they found that they must establish a formal state. Thus they got together again and discuss the problem of constituent and foundation. Therefore, America is a nation that idea comes first, and then the country; the De

9、claration of Independence first, and then the federal constitution. This is equivalent to draw on a blank sheet by trained painter. By contrast, we China has thousands of years of authoritarian tradition. So drawing up a constitution is just like the old city reconstruction.第一，美国的制宪方式不可复制。1776年7月4日发

10、表独立宣言的时候，美国还不是一个真正的国家，只是一些松散的殖民地，是一些为追求自由，而不惜漂洋过海的人们为了抵抗英国的苛政，临时拼凑起来的“邦联”。为捍卫自由和争取权利，他们不得不揭竿而起，跟英国打了8年仗，打赢后大家就一哄而散各回各家。过了4年，发现情况不对，不建立一个正式的国家还真不行，这才又重新聚在一起，讨论制宪和建国的问题，所以美国是先有理想，再有国家；先有独立宣言，再有联邦宪法。这就相当于在一张白纸上作画，而且还都请的是受过专业训练的画家。相形之下，我们中国有着几千年的专制传统，制宪相当于旧城改造，难度自然要大多了。Secondly,it is with ideal and base

11、d on reality. It was written in the starter part of the Declaration of Independence:All men are created equal. The creator gives them some rights can not be deprived and transferred, which include right of life, right of freedom and right to pursue happiness.Men set up the government to protect thes

12、e rights. This is the American ideal. But what would happen if the American constitution drafters are obsessed with it. Maybe it is just like the speculation of Yi Zhongtian. It only had two kinds of results: One is fetching up nowhere finally because of self-opinion, and the other is putting the co

13、untry and the people in distress at last because of the debate and the argument. Owing to the pragmatic spirit of the most framers at that time that they can regard solving the most prominent practical problems in social existence as top priority. Thus, they created the great essence in the form of

14、not stick to one pattern. Even now, we can see clearly from the constitution that it did not mention to protect the rights of citizens. But this does not mean that the constitution representatives took no count of civic rights.I t was just because that establishing a state, drawing the constitution

15、and impowering are urgent affairs at that time. 第二，怀揣理想，更立足现实。独立宣言开篇写道：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺（转让）的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府。这就是美国人的理想。但假如当年美国宪法的起草者们都纠缠于此，事情又会怎样？也许就像易中天先生猜测的那样，只有两种结果：一是固执己见不欢而散，最后一事无成；二是唇枪舌剑争论不已，最后陷国家、人民于水火。多亏当时的制宪者们大都有务实的精神，才能把解决社会存在中最突出的现实问题作为自己的首要任务，从而以不拘一格的形式创造出

16、了伟大的实质。即使现在，我们也可以清楚地看到，虽然当时的宪法并没有提到要保障公民权利，但这并不意味制宪代表们就不重视公民权利，只不过当时当务之急的确是建国、制宪和授权，其他问题只好以后再说。For this reason,federal constitution can still be accepted and admitted by American though it is defective. By contrast, the republic of China provisional just had days of glory and died out before the pow

17、erful reactionary forces finally because of ignoring the most urgent realistic problem. Although it seemed perfect and gave full consideration to the problem as much as possible in the future, established the advanced social system, ensure the good power as much as possible and abolished a lot of in

18、justice.因此，联邦宪法虽然是有瑕疵的，但仍然能被美国人民接受和通过。相比之下，我们当年的中华民国临时约法看似完美，似乎充分考虑到了将来尽可能多的问题，确立了先进的社会制度，保障了尽可能多的美好权力，废除了很多非正义的东西，却终因忽略了最紧急的现实问题而只能风光一时，最后在强大的反动力量面前消亡。Thirdly,the vitality of the U.S. Constitution-the principle and compromise. The U.S. Constitution was born and developed in principle and compromise

19、. Each interest group is mixed in at the beginning process of drawing up the U.S. Constitution. The interest group include slave owners and businessmen, the confederacy and federalists, different states. So we can say that the constitution is drawn largely for the interests of the coordination of va

20、rious interest groups.第三，美国宪法的生命力原则与妥协。美国宪法在原则与妥协中诞生，在原则与妥协中发展。联邦宪法在商讨制定过程之初，各个利益集团就掺杂了进来，奴隶主与工商业者，邦联主义者与联邦主义者，大小州之间，甚至可以说，此部宪法很大程度上是就为协调各个利益集团的利益而制定的。It was because every interest group would like to write content in the constitution for their own that American can get an appropriate principle to s

21、eparate powers and counterbalance. This principle prevent tyranny fierce in tiger in form of separating the powers. It requires that all interests have to take into account the interests of other groups in seeking their own interests at the same time, which made each interest group advance under the

22、 mutual restriction and compromise. For instance,the federal constitution was established ,the federal government was constructed and a new state system was created under the compromise of The house and senate seats allocation problem. However, compromise dies not mean giving up principle. Some righ

23、ts such as “citizen rights” and basic human rights; some powers such as the power of citizens and people supervising the government, which can not be violated and deprived by anyone anyway.也正是各个利益集团都想在宪法中写入有利于己方的内容，才为美国的分权和制衡选择了一个很恰当的原则。这个原则为防止“苛政猛于虎”，而把权力行使者都想象成邪恶的，以分权形式来以恶制恶。它要求一切利益集团在谋求自己利益的同时不得不

24、考虑到其他集团的利益，从而使社会各个利益集团在相互制约与妥协下前进着。比如在参众两院席位分配问题上的妥协，就不但使联邦宪法得以成立，联邦政府得以建构，还从此创造了一种新的国家体制。但妥协并不等于放弃原则，有些权利和权力，比如“公民权利”和基本人权，比如公民和人民监督政府的权力，是任何人在任何时候都不能以任何理由侵犯或剥夺的。In general, the political framework and the core thought has not changed much although there were 27 bill of amendments(the last one was

25、past in 1992) during the 200 years since the US constitution in 1787. 总之，美国自1787年宪法公布以来，200多年间，虽然先后有27条修正案(最后一条是1992年通过)，但其政治框架和核心思想并没有太大的变更。The constitution which is not that perfect played a key part in the political stability and the economy and society boom during 200 years. We seemed to hear th

26、e thought-provoking voice in the federal constitution when thinking of it again. That is”We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of

27、 liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”尽管不是一部完美无缺的宪法，但美国能够200多年来维持政治稳定，经济和社会不断发展和繁荣，联邦宪法应该在其中起到了功不可没的作用，当我再次想到这一点时，似乎又听到了联邦宪法中那振聋发聩的声音：“我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。”Firstly，th

28、e constitutional way of America can not be copied. America was not a real country when it issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4th,1776.It was just some loose colonies. It was a confederation that knocked together temporary by the people who pursued of freedom and resisted the British tyra

29、nny . They had a war with Britain for eight years in order to defend freedom and strive for rights. They would break up and go back to their homes after they won the war. However, four years later, they found that they must establish a formal state. Thus they got together again and discuss the probl

30、em of constituent and foundation. Therefore, America is a nation that idea comes first, and then the country; the Declaration of Independence first, and then the federal constitution. This is equivalent to draw on a blank sheet by trained painter. By contrast, we China has thousands of years of auth

31、oritarian tradition. So drawing up a constitution is just like the old city reconstruction.Secondly,it is with ideal and based on reality. It was written in the starter part of the Declaration of Independence:All men are created equal. The creator gives them some rights can not be deprived and trans

32、ferred, which include right of life, right of freedom and right to pursue happiness.Men set up the government to protect these rights. This is the American ideal. But what would happen if the American constitution drafters are obsessed with it. Maybe it is just like the speculation of Yi Zhongtian.

33、It only had two kinds of results: One is fetching up nowhere finally because of self-opinion, and the other is putting the country and the people in distress at last because of the debate and the argument. Owing to the pragmatic spirit of the most framers at that time that they can regard solving th

34、e most prominent practical problems in social existence as top priority. Thus, they created the great essence in the form of not stick to one pattern. Even now, we can see clearly from the constitution that it did not mention to protect the rights of citizens. But this does not mean that the constit

35、ution representatives took no count of civic rights.I t was just because that establishing a state, drawing the constitution and impowering are urgent affairs at that time. For this reason,federal constitution can still be accepted and admitted by American though it is defective. By contrast, the re

36、public of China provisional just had days of glory and died out before the powerful reactionary forces finally because of ignoring the most urgent realistic problem. Although it seemed perfect and gave full consideration to the problem as much as possible in the future, established the advanced soci

37、al system, ensure the good power as much as possible and abolished a lot of injustice.Thirdly,the vitality of the U.S. Constitution-the principle and compromise. The U.S. Constitution was born and developed in principle and compromise. Each interest group is mixed in at the beginning process of draw

38、ing up the U.S. Constitution. The interest group include slave owners and businessmen, the confederacy and federalists, different states. So we can say that the constitution is drawn largely for the interests of the coordination of various interest groups.because every interest group would like to w

39、rite content in the constitution for their own that American can get an appropriate principle to separate powers and counterbalance. This principle prevent tyranny fierce in tiger in form of separating the powers. It requires that all interests have to take into account the interests of other groups in seeking their own interests at the same time, which made ea