托福入学测试模拟卷

1、5. Conf ronted with a multitude of uneliable figures, econo mists have compared the population records with the aqqreqate data for cultivated land area and grain production in the six centuries since 1368.The word aggregate in the passage is closest in meaning toA. availableB. reliableC combinedDeco

2、rded6. There was also a gain in farm tools, draft animals, and fertilizer, to say nothing of the population growth itself, which increased half again as fast as cultivated land area and so Increased the ratio of human hands available per unit of la nd.The word ratio in the passage is closest in mean

3、ing toA. proportionB. availabilityC importaneeD. cost7. Towns and cities were established not only as garrisons (military posts) but as centers for the diffusion of Greek language, literature, and thought, particularly through libraries, as at Antioch (in modern Turkey) and the most famous of all, a

4、t Alexa nd怡 in Egypt, which would be the fin est in the world for the next thousand yearsThe word diffusion in the passage is closest in meaning toA. adoptionB. spreadC. teachi ngD I ear ning8.1n the ocean, microscopic phytoplankton (tiny floating plants) and bacteria (simple, single-celled organism

5、s) are the principal sources of organic matter that is trapped and buried in sedimentThe word ”trapped in the passage is closest in meaning toA. hiddenB. destroyedC caughtD. found9. When the curre nt approaches the equator; the westward-flowi ng trade winds cause nutrient-ich cold water along the co

6、ast to rise from deeper depths to more shallow ones.The word approaches in the passage is closest in meaning toA. nearsB. crossesC travels alongD. leaves10. In fact, the link between the two is so great that they are often referred to jointly as ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation).The word jointly i

7、n the passage is closest in meaning toA. togetherB. thereforeC. rightfullyD. simply二语法改错11. Vitamin D,which the body needs in order to absorb calcium,is produced when skin is exposed to ultraviolet rays(A) calcium, is produced(B) calcium, and is(C) calcium, producing it(D) calcium and produces(E) ca

8、lcium and produces it12. The subtitle of Mary Shelleys gothic masterpiece Frankenstein; or; The Modern Prometheus refers to a mythical Greek character; he stole fire from the gods.(A) character, he stole(B) character who stole(C) character; who having stolen(D) character, whose stealing(E) character

9、 to have stolen13. When the weather was nice, Lisa was more likely to walk than takinq the bus because the route to herschool took her through a beautiful park(A) was more likely to walk than taking(B) was more likely to walk than to take(C) being more likely to walk instead of taking(D) is more lik

10、ely walking than taking(E) is more likely to walk as take14. In a typical restaura nt kitche n, the chef ranks above the sous-chef, which is usually responsible for supervisinq the line cooks, who do the actual cooking.(A) which is usually responsible for supervising(B) which is usually responsible

11、to supervise(C) whose usual responsibility is they supervise(D) who is usually responsible to supervise(E) who is usually responsible for supervising15. Music seems to be universal, which exists in some form in all human cultures (A) which exists(B) where it exists(C) it exists(D) exists(E) existing

12、三阅读理解Siam, 1851 - 1910Paragraph 1 In the late nineteenth century, political and social changes were occurring rapidly in Siam (now Thailand). The old ruling families were being displaced by an evolving centralized government. These families were pensioned off (given a sum of money to live on) or sim

13、ply had their revenues taken away or restricted; their sons were enticed away to schools for district officers, later to be posted in some faraway province; and the old patron-dient relations that had bound together local societies simply disintegrated. Local rulers could no Ion ger protect their re

14、latives and atte ndants in legal cases, and with the ending in 1905 of the practice of forcing peasant farmers to work part-time for local rulers, the rulers no Ion ger had a regular base for relati ons with rural populations. The old local ruling families, then, were severed from their traditional

15、social con text 16. According to paragraph 1, the situation for Siams old ruling families changed in all of the following ways EXCEPT:o Their incomes were reducedo Their sons were posted as district officers in distant provinceso They could sell lands that had traditi on ally belon ged to them, o Th

16、ey had less control over the rural populations.Paragraph 2 The same situation viewed from the perspective of the rural population is even more complex. According to the governments first census of the rural population, taken in 1905, there were about thirty thousand villages in Siam. This was probab

17、ly a large in crease over the figure eve n two or three decades earlier, during the late 1800s It is difficult to imagine it now, but Siams Central Plain in the late 1800s was no where n ear as densely settled as it is today. There were still forests closely surrounding Bangkok into the last of the

18、nineteenth century, and even at centurys end there were wild elephants and tigers roaming the countryside only twenty or thirty miles away.17 According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of Siam in 1905? o Its urban population began to migrate out of the cities and into the country. o I

19、ts Central Plain was almost as densely populated as it is today.o It was so rural that wild elephants and tigers sometimes roamed Bangkok o It had many more villages than it did in the late 1800sParagraph 3 Much population movement involved the opening up of new lands for rice cultivation. Two thing

20、s made this possible and encouraged it to happe n. First, the ope ning of the kingdom to the full force of in ter national trade by the Boring Treaty (1855) rapidly encouraged economic specialization in the growing of rice, mainly to feed the rice-deficient portions of Asia (India and china in parti

21、cular).The average annual volume of rice exported from Siam grew from under 60 million kilograms per year in the late 1850s to more than 660 million kilograms per year at the turn of the century; and over the same period the average price per kilogram doubled. During the same period, the area plan t

22、ed in rice increased from about 230,000 acres to more tha n350, 000 acres This growth was achieved as the result of the collective decisions of thousands of peasants families to expand the amount of land they cultivated, clear and plant new land, or adopt more intensive methods of agriculture18. Par

23、agraph 3 mentions all of the following as signs of economic growth in Siam EXCEPTo an in crease in the price or riceo an in crease in the amount of rice leaving Siamo an in crease in the nu triti onal quality of the rice grow no an in crease in the amount of land used for rice producti on19. Accordi

24、ng to paragraph 3, fanning families increased the amount of rice they grew in part byo growing varieties of rice that produced greater yieldso forming collective farms by joining together with other farm familieso planti ng rice in areas that had previously remai ned unplan tedo hiring laborers to h

25、elp them tend their fieldsParagraph 4 They were able to do so because of our sec ond con sideratio n. They were relatively freer than they had been half a century earlier. Over the course of the Fifth Reign (1868-1910), the ties that bound rural people to the aristocracy and local ruling elites were

26、 greatly reduced Peasants now paid a tax on in dividuals in stead of being required to render labor service to the government. Under these conditions, it made good sense to thousands of peasant families to in effect work full-time at what they had been able to do only part-time previously because of

27、 the requirement to work for the government: grow rice for the marketplace20. According to paragraph 4, what happened after the government ended the practice of requiring rural people to perform labor for it?o Rural people became more closely connected to the aristocracy.o ral people spent more time

28、 growing rice for profit.o The government began to pay the laborers who grew rice for it.o The government introduced a special tax on rice21. Which of the following best describes the relati on ship betwee n paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?o Paragraph 4 provides further evidence of the economic gr

29、owth of Siam discussed in paragraph 3o Paragraph 4 continues the discussion begun in paragraph 3 of farming improvements that led to economic growtho Paragraph 4 examines a particular effect of the Bowring Treaty mentioned in paragraph 3.o Paragraph 4 discusses the second of two factors that contrib

30、uted to the expansion of rice farming mentioned on paragraph 3.The Decline of Venetian ShippingParagraph 1 In the late thirteenth century, northern Italian cities such asGenoa, Flore nee, and Venice began an economic resurge nee that made them into the most important economic centers of Europe By th

31、e seventeenth century, however, other European powers had taken over, as the Italian cities lost much of their economic mightParagraph 2】This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First, Venics intermediary functions in the Adriatic Seaz where it had d

32、ominoted the business of shipping for other parties, were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars): guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers, and through a draft system free c

33、itizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the dema nd for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space), with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to be a gre

34、ater and greater problem, despite continuous appeal to Venics tradition of maritime greatness Even though sailors wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590, this did not elicit an increased supply.!22. Look at the four squares. that in dicate where the followi ng sente nee co

35、uld be added to the passage.The increase in reward still did not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted criminals and slaves were pressed into services.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage23. According to paragraph 2, which of the fol

36、lowing contributed to the decline of Venetian shipping?o The loss of trade in Adriatic Seao The move from galleys to round shipso The decreased dema nd for galleys o The doubling of sailors wages24. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as ways that Venice provided rowers for its galley

37、EXCEPTo Requiring business associations to provide sailors o Recruiting sailors from other cities in northern Italy o Drafting Ven etian citize ns into services as rowers o Appealing to the traditions of Venice as a sea power.Paragraph 3 The problem in shipping extended to the Arsenale, Venices huge

38、 and powerful shipyard Timber ran short, and it was necessary to procure it from farther and farther away. In ancient Roman times, the Italian peninsula had great forest of fir preferred for warships, but scarcity was apparent as early as the early fourteenth century. Arsenale officers first brought

39、 timber from the foothills of the Alps, the n from north toward Trieste, and fin ally from across the Adriatic Private shipbuilders were required to buy their oak abroad As the costs of shipbuilding rose, Venice clung to its outdated standard while the Dutch were inno vation in the lighter and more

40、easily han died ships 25. According to paragraphs 3, why did the building of ships in Venetian shipyards become increasingly expensive?o The wages of officers and workers in the Arsenale kept risingo Roman shipyards were using all the available fir trees for the warshipso The timber used in the ship

41、building had to be brought from farther and farther awayo Venetian standards required that shipbuilders use top-quality materialsParagraph 4 The step from buying foreign timber to buying foreign ships was regarded as a short one, especially when complaints were heard in the latter sixteenth century

42、that the standards and traditions of the Arsenale were running down. Work was stretched out and done poorly. Older workers had been allowed to stop work a half hour before the regular time, and in 1601 younger works left with them. Merchants complained that the privileges reserved for Venetian-built

43、 and owned ships were first extended to those Venetians who bought ships from abroad and then to foreign-built and owned vessels Historian Frederic Lane observes that after the loss of ships in battle in the late sixteenth centuy the shipbuildinq industry no Ionqer had the capacity to recover that i

44、t had displayed at the start of the century26. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 and 4 as contributing to the problems of the Venetian shipbuilding industry at the end of the sixteenth century EXCEPTo The quality of work performed in the Arsenale had declinedo Ven etia n-built ships

45、were heavy and gen erally in efficie nto Arsenale shipbuilders worked more slowlyo Only a few merchants con trolled the buying and selli ng of most of the Ven etian-built ships27. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the hiqhliqhted sentence in the passage?Incorre

46、ct choices change the meaning in imports nt ways or leave out esse ntial in formatio n.o The loss of ships in battle at the end of the sixteenth century showed that Venetian shipbuilders lacked the skills they had possessed at the beginning of the century.o Venetian shipbuilding failed to quickly re

47、place the ships lost in battle at the end of the sixteenth century as it would have done earlier in the century.o Frederic Lane noted that Venice lost ships in battle at the end of the sixteenth century, showi ng that Ven etian shipbuildi ng was not longer know n for its reliability.o Venetian shipb

48、uilding had been known for its high quality of work at the beginning of the sixteenth century, but toward the end of the century Venetian ships were poorer in quality.Paragraph 5】The conventional explanation for the loss of Venetian dominance in trade is establishment of the Portuguese direct sea ro

49、ute to the East, replacing the overland Silk Road from the Black sea and the highly profitable Indian Ocean-caravan-eastern Mediterranean route to Venice The Portuguese Vasco da Gamas Voyaqe around southern Africa to India took place at the end of the fifteenth century, and by 1502 the trans- Abrabi

50、an caravan route had been cut off by political unest28. Why does the author mention uVasco da Gamaz Voyage around southern Africa to India in the passage?o to indicate how the Portuguese came to challenge Venetian dominance of trade with the Easto to explain why political troubles resulted in the closing of the usual routes to Indiao to prove that Venetians could not sail round ships as efficiently as sailors from oth