句子成分和结构

1、句子的组成成分叫句子成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。Members of a sentence一、主语表明句子里所谈的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主语常用名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。例如:Lily likes her new bike.(名词) 莉莉喜欢她的新自行车。He gets up early every day.(代词) 他每天都起得很早。To learn Engl

2、ish well is not easy.（不定式短语）学好英语不容易。二、谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，英语中谓语只能用动词动词充当。例如：1. We work hard.我们努力工作。2. The boy caught a bird. 那个男孩逮住一只鸟。3. He is my father. 他是我父亲。4. They all look fine. 他们都很好。谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。例如：I am reading. You are reading. HeShe is reading. We are reading.三、宾语宾语是动作行为的对象。由名词、代

3、词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。例如：1. Tom bought a story-book.（名词）汤姆买了一本故事书。2. I saw him yesterday. （代词）昨天我看到他了。3. He wanted to have a cup of tea. （不定式短语）他想要一杯茶。直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语表示动作的承受者，一般是物。间接宾语表示动作是对谁或为谁做的，一般是人。合称双宾语。这两个宾语不能形成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：1. He gave me some ink . 他给了我一些墨水。 间接宾语 直接宾语 2. Our tea

4、cher told us an interesting story. 老 师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 间接宾语 直接宾语四、表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，与连系动词一起构成谓语，表语由名词、形容词、或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当。例如：1. My sister is a nurse.（名词）我的姐姐是一名护士。2. They were at home.（介词短语）他们在家里。3. She got angry. （形容词）她生气了。4. Her grandfather is over eighty years old.（数词）她的祖父八十多岁了。五、定语定语是修饰名词或代词的，可以

5、作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。例如：1. This is a green cup.（形容词）这是一个绿色的杯子。2. Are these students your classmates? （代词）这些学生是你班的吗？3. Winter is the coldest season of the year.（介词短语）冬天是一年中最冷的季节。4. I have something important to tell you.（不定式）我有重要的事情要告诉你。5. The people here are very friendly.（副词）这里的人们

6、非常友好。注意：形容词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前。而介词短语、不定式短语或副词等作定语时则放在被修饰的词之后。六、状语状语是修饰动词、形容词、或副词的，有的修饰全句。可以作状语的主要是副词和介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。例如：1. You are quite right .（副词） 你非常正确。2. Mr. Wu comes to the school by bike. (介词短语) 吴老师骑自行车上学校。3. She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. （介词短语）她将于星期一到达北京。4. He stopped to have a look. （不定

7、式短语）他停下来看了看。七、宾语补足语有些及物动词的宾语后边还需要有一个补足语，意思才能够完整。宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。在复合宾语中，宾语与它的补足语之间存在着逻辑上（即意义上）的主谓关系。例如：1. We call her Xiao Li. 宾语 宾语补足语2. You must keep the room clean and tidy. 宾语 宾语补足语3. John asked me to help him with his Chinese. 宾语 宾语补足语4. I will have my hair cut tomorrow. 宾语 宾语补足语Exercises:指出下列句子中

8、划线部分的成分。1We all study English hard. A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D.表语2Betty likes her new bike very much. A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语3My brother is a policeman. A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语4Were you at home last night? A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语5Winter is the coldest season of the year. A. 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语6He often walks in the pa

9、rk. A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语7Mary asked me to help her yesterday. A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语8He bought me a nice present last week. A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补9His parents are doctors. A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语10Ill get you some tea now. A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补11My mother told us an interesting story last night. A.表语 B.直

10、接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补12He has read the book twice. A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语13They seemed unhappy when they heard the news. A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语14Do you have something to eat ? A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补15We made him our monitor. A.宾语 B.定语 C. 状语 D.宾补英语五种五种基本句型如下：一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： O （主谓间宾直宾）五： （主谓宾宾补）Five basic

11、sentence pattern1S + V在此句式中，V是不及物动词(vi.)。例如：. He runs quickly他跑得快。. They listened carefully他们听得很仔细。. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。 . We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、 吃和喝。 . They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 . The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流利。2S+V+P在此句式中，V是系动词(linking verb)，常见的系动词有：look，seem, a

12、ppear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still, become，turn等。例如：. He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。. He seem interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。. The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来有趣。. The desk feels hard书桌摸起来很硬。. The cake tastes nice饼尝起来很香。3S+V+O在此句式中，V是及物动词( vt.) 。例如：. I saw

13、a film yesterday我昨天看了一部电影。. Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?. They found their home easily他们很容易找 到他们的家。. They built a house last year他们去年建了一所房子。. Theyve put up a factory in the village他们在村里 建了一座工厂。. They have taken good care of the children这些孩子 他们照看得很好。. You should look after your children well你应该

14、好好 照看你的孩子。4S+V+O1+O2在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一 套新衣裳。 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给 丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He gave me a book /a book to me他给我一本书。4. He brought me a pen /a pen to me他带

15、给我一枝 钢笔。5. He offered me his seat /his seat to me他把座位 让给我。5. + + 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。. The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士. New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松. . I often find him at work.我经常发现他

16、在工作. . The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学 生们关上窗户. . I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.Exercises:指出下列句子的基本类型1They are listening.2My mother is fifty now.3I have bought three books.4My friend gave me a birthday present.5I painted the wall white.6The boss often makes th

17、e workers work twelve hours a day.7They arrived at six oclock.8The map is on the wall.9Children often sing this song.10Mr. Wu teaches us English.11She showed her friends all her pictures.12I find him a lovely boy.1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer

18、 your question after class. 4. They went hunting together early in the morning. 5. His job is to train swimmers. 6. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 7. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 8. His wish is to become a scientist. Names for girls: Agnes Alice Amanda Angela Anna Antonia Athena BettyGiving your English names Bonnie Caroline C