构词法(compounding)

1、IntroductionDefinitionTypesCharacteristicsFormationConclusionIntroductionCould you express them in English? Pigtail Dog-ear Cats-paw Chicken headLions share Ass-kisser Fox-sleep Are you right?DefinitionDefinitionCompounding (also called composition), is the formation of new words by joining two or m

2、ore stems. TypesSolidhyphenatedopenSolidhyphenatedopenSolidhyphenatedopenCharacteristicsCompound a black horse a bluebird a fat head a hot house Free phrasea black horsea blue birda fat heada hot housePhonological featuresIn compounds, the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in n

3、oun phrases the second elements is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases. This is the Phonetic feature of the compoun

4、ds. Semantic features1. American cloth 2. British warm 3. French leave 4.Spanish athlete 5. Chinese copy 6. Turkish delight 7. Indian meal 8. Dutch treat 美产布料 厚呢短大衣 不辞而别 西班牙运动员 与原物一模一样的复制品 土耳其软糖 印度大餐 AA制 彩色油布 英国式的暖日 法式告别 吹牛者 中国版本 土耳其式狂欢 玉米粉 荷兰招待方式Read the following compounds, and then guess their me

5、aningsTheir meanings do not just follows the “1+1 Principle”, that is to say, their meanings are not the combination of the meanings of the two elements in the compound. Compounds are different from free phrases in “one-wordness”. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. This is

6、 the Semantic feature of compounds. - examplesAlthough many compounds tend to have senses not wholly predictable from the constituent bases, for example, darkroom (room used for photographic processing)There are quite a number of compounds who are transparent, that is the meaning can be inferred fro

7、m the separate elements of compounds. e.g. washing machine, dumb show Grammatical featuresRead the following sentences and change the sentences into plural forms. Pay attention to the underlined words. There is a new-born left on the corner of the street.This kindergarten only accept three-year-old

8、and above.She is the most famous go-between in this area.It is difficult to find a really good babysitter.This house is cooled by air-conditioner.Q: How are they changed into plural forms? Is it necessary to add “-s” to each element of the compounds? A compound tends to play a single grammatical rol

9、e in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. Thus, the compounds in the above sentences show their plural forms by taking inflectional “-s” at the end. 1.Of course, there are exceptions such as brothers-in-law, lookers-on, etc. In spite of this, their single grammatical role is app

10、arent.2.In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes, for example: hot line cant be hotter line. FormationAccording to word class, there are 3 categories of compounds in total:Noun compounds: nightfall, watchdogAdjective compounds: airsick, far-reachingVerb co

11、mpounds: bottle-feed, brain-wash, lip readNoun compounds:A. word class of the compounding elementsn.+n.( ashtray, hydrogen bomb, bar code), adj.+n. (blueprint, dark-room, hard disc, deadline), adv.+n. (downtown, upgrade, undercloth;),-ing+n. (chewing gum, reading lamp, leading article, ) n.+ -ing (s

12、ightseeing, daydreaming). v.+n. (swearword, breakwater, driveway)n.+v. (nightfall, toothpick, water supply )v. + adv. (show-off, put-off, follow-up)adv. + v. (outlet, upset, down fall, upstart, onflow)Noun compounds:B. Syntactic relations of the compounding elements:daydreaming, sightseeing n + v-in

13、g daydreaming= dreams during the day, i.e. verb + adverbial. sightseeing= sees sights, i.e. verb + object a. sub. and v.: heartbeat, crybaby, commanding officer, revolving door, rainfallb. v. and obj.: pickpocket, birth control, dressmaking, housekeepingNoun compounds:c. v. and adv.: swimming pool,

14、diving board, drinking cup, typing paper , walking stickd. Sub. and obj.: Steamboat, honeybee, power plante. Restrictive relation (the 1st element restricts/modifies the meaning of 2nd): : Raindrop, tablecloth, ashtray; breakfast time, safety-beltf. Appositive relation: a peasant girl; a pine tree,

15、a girlfriend, Noun compounds:string compounddead-letter office; test-tube baby; commanders-in-chief; bread-and-butter; give-and-take; come-and-go; hide-and-seekCompound nouns can also be formed from phrasal verbs. sit-in, dropout, phone-in, breakdown, walk-ons, walkout, setback; take-off Adjective c

16、ompounds:A. word class of the compounding elements a. with adj. at the endn. + adj. fat-free, toll-free, care-free, dust-free, dog-tired, home-sick, world famous, tone-deaf, lifelongadj. + adj. wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, light-blue, bitter-sweet-ing + adj. smoking-hot, soaking-wet, freezing-cold,

17、biting-coldadv. + adj. ever-victorious, over-cautious, all-roundAdjective compounds:A. word class of the compounding elements b. with v. at the endn. + -ing peace-loving, time-saving, ocean-goingn. + -ed heart-felt, air-borne, home-made, book-filled, poverty-strickenadj/adv. + -ing easy-going, hard-

18、working, everlastingadj/adv. + -ed newly-developed, well-balanced, hard-won Adjective compounds:A. word class of the compounding elements c. with n. at the endn. +n. -ed chicken-hearted, honey-mouthed, paper-backedadj. + n.-ed short-sighted, hot-tempered, tender-heartedadj. + n. long-distance, full-

19、length, white-collar, red-letter Adjective compounds:B. Syntactic relations of the compounding elements:a. adj. + adverbialadverbial of comparison: (as as) stone-deaf, dog-tiredadverbial of degree: (so that) steaming-hot, wringing-wetadverbial of cause: (because) home-sick, travel-worn, adverbial of

20、 places: world-famous, oven-freshAdjective compounds:B. Syntactic relations of the compounding elements:b. v. + adverbialadverbial of manner: hard-working, quick-frozenadverbial of degree: far-reaching, half-bakedadverbial of time: new-born, ever-lastingadverbial of places: ocean-going, home-madeAdj

21、ective compounds:B. Syntactic relations of the compounding elements:c. Sub. and v.: thunder-struck, weather-beaten (rock) , suntanned (skin), heartsick d. V. and obj. : fault-finding , peace-loving , record-breaking, breath-takinge. n. and adj. 1) The n. denoting respect. tax free, seasick, watertight, fire-proof Adjective compounds:B. Syntactic relations of the compounding elements: 2) the n. denoting the thing with which the adj. is compared (as + adj. +as + n., adj. like n.): ocean green, crystal-clear , knee-deep , shoulder-high f. Coordinating relationship: The two adj.