汉英笔译6-句层对比与句式选择

1、Lecture 8Syntactic differences and sentence rearrangementSubject-prominent vs. topic-prominentl汉语句子的主题可能是名词结构，与主语一致，但在很多情况下还可能是其他成分。l他会干这种事我不相信。l译文一：I dont believe that he should have done such things.l译文二：That he should have done such things I dont believel汉译英时则必须为英语句子找到合适的主语方可下笔。lFirst and foremos

2、t: figure out the subject, predicate and object of the sentence, to gain a general idea of the whole construction.lSecond, figure out the syntactic structure, the meaning of each sense group, and their logical relationship.Choice of Subjectsl汉语的主题结构通常可译为英语的主谓结汉语的主题结构通常可译为英语的主谓结构。构。l这本书我已经看过了。lI have

3、 already read this book.l薄薄的一本书他竟看了两个月。lIt took him two months to finish such a thin book.Choice of Subjectsl 主语对译主语对译l 如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。l Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.l 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建主义的运动。l The May 4th Movement was a

4、n anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement.Choice of Subjectsl有时要放弃原来的主语，为英语译句物色一有时要放弃原来的主语，为英语译句物色一个适当的主语。个适当的主语。l这种水泵的主要特点是操作简便。lThis pump is chiefly characterized by its simple operation.（中国翻译1998年，第4期，第27页）l故宫耗时14年，整个工程于1420年结束。lThe construction of the Forbidden City took 14 years, an

5、d was finished in 1420.（中国翻译1998年，第5期，第28页）Choice of Subjectsl我们知道，发电站每天都大量地产生电能。 As we know, electrical energy is produced in power stations in large amounts every day.l我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。 We have won one victory after another for our cause. l主语与谓语动词的逻辑搭配主语与谓语动词的逻辑搭配Choice of Subjectsl泛指的代词充当主语，汉译英时，这类汉语

6、句子通常可以译为英语的被动语态。译为英语的被动语态。l大家知道，吸烟有害健康。lSmoking is known to be harmful to our health.l人们普遍相信改革开放政策是正确的。lIt is commonly believed that the policy of reform and opening up to the outside world is correct.Choice of Subjectsl补足主语（无主语句）补足主语（无主语句）l l 看着一堆老照片，心里掠过一丝丝歉意。 Looking at a pile of old photos, I co

7、uldnt help feeling rather regretful. l 不经一事，不长一智。 You cant gain knowledge without practice. Wisdom comes from experience. l不努力便不会成功。 One can never succeed without making great efforts. l补足主语（无主语句）补足主语（无主语句） l与自然斗争，倍感快乐。 It is a great joy to battle against nature. l 发生这样的事不是你的错 。 l It is not your fau

8、lt that this has happened.l 要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。l In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.l 要成功，就要付出劳动。l It will cost you much labor to succeed in anything.l中国货币史上，占有突出地位的钱币，是秦制铜质的方孔圆钱。 The Qin-type round bronze coin with a square

9、 hole in the center was the most popular form throughout Chinas long history of currency.l句中成分做主语句中成分做主语突出主要信息突出主要信息Choice of Subjectsl 无主语句也可译为英语的被动句无主语句也可译为英语的被动句l句中成分做主语句中成分做主语突出主要信息突出主要信息l 没有爱心，就无法了解人生。l Life cannot be understood without much charity.l 要在提高效益的基础上实现这个目标，必须付出艰巨努力。l Arduous efforts

10、 must be made to attain this target through better economic performance.l 在建造一座大桥前，必须考虑到金属受热膨胀这一因素。l The expansion of metals on heating must be taken into consideration before a long metal bridge is built.l在合同中，详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。lIn the contract, the terms and conditions which both sides should foll

11、ow were laid down in detail.l没有安定的政治环境，干什么都不成。lNothing can be accomplished without a stable political environment.personal vs impersonall 英语常用无灵主语，即用无生命的物体或抽象概念所充当的主语，而汉语则常用有灵主语，即用有生命的人或动物所充当的主语。l 当需要表示某个事件时，英语较注重“什么事发生在某人身上”，而汉语则较注重“某人怎么样了”。l 他们对市场经济一无所知，他们公司因而受了很大的损失。l Their ignorance of the marke

12、t economy brought huge losses to their company.l 她一看到他就生气。l The very sight of him makes her angry.l 我突然想到了一个主意l An idea suddenly struck me.personal vs impersonall我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。lAn international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs. l 他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。 His

13、absentmindness during the experiment nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.l 句中成分做主语句中成分做主语与谓语动词的逻辑搭配与谓语动词的逻辑搭配l他一直希望自己能成为老板的助手。 The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him.l她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. 英文物称主语英文物称主语 l句序

14、调整句序调整英语主语简短、谓语长，英语主语简短、谓语长，“金字塔金字塔”形形l你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。 It is difficult for you to persuade him out of the plan.Choice of Subjectsl文化心理文化心理汉民族的主人姿态汉民族的主人姿态l热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。 Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.l Cho

15、ice of Predicate Verbsl搭配自然搭配自然l他的父亲说了他一顿lHis father gave him a scolding.l他说谎。lHe told a lie.l不要胡说。lDont talk nonsense.l我说不出来。lI am unable to express it.Choice of Predicate Verbsl这是说不得的。lIt must not be mentioned.l我想替他说个人情。lId like to appeal to you on his behalf.l他说了又说，我还是不懂。lHe explained again and a

16、gain, but I still couldnt understant him.Choice of Predicate Verbsl第二天早晨，她腋下夹着几本书回来了。 The next morning, she came back with some books under her arm. l那个理发师俯下身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。 Leaning down to the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted. 汉语连动变通为英语一个主语动词做谓语汉语连动变通为英语一个主语动词做谓语l当前

17、，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country. 谓语动词与主语性数格及时态、语态一致谓语动词与主语性数格及时态、语态一致l又一座立交桥将于年底通车。 Another flyover will be opened to traffic by the end of this year. 施动者模糊施动者模糊英语被动语态英语被动语态l 中国有五千年的文明史。在漫长的岁月里，我们的祖先不仅创造出了优美的凝聚着中华民族智慧的文字和

18、绘画，还创造了许多反映人们对美好生活的向往追求、寓意吉祥的图案。它融汇了人民群众的欣赏习惯，反映了他们善良美好的意愿，广泛地渗透到我国的民间习俗之中，为人们所喜闻乐见，因而在民间盛传不衰。l As a people with a civilization history of 5,000 years, the Chinese not only developed their own characters and paintings that exemplified their wisdom, but also created auspicious patterns that expressed their yearnings for happiness. Representing the common peoples taste and reflecting their goodwill, auspicious patterns have permeated Chinese folk customs, enjoying a never-fading popularity among the Chinese people.Practicel 鸽子，在天空飞着。人们把哨子拴在它的腿上，从天空里，便飞来悠扬的哨响。l 鸽子一群一群地飞着，在罗马