德国“双元制”职业培训制度Dr._Bernhard

1、16 October 2021Folie 1Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010The dual system of vocational training in Germanyand the modern electrical and electronics professions in industry德国的双元制职业培训与现代电气和电子工业行业 Dr. Bernhard Diegner, ZVEI e.V. 16 October 2021Folie

2、 2Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010ContentVery shortly: Who is ZVEI?What is the dual system of vocational training? How does it work?Why in-company vocational training?The modern way of vocational training in the electrical and electronics indu

3、stry很快：谁是很快：谁是ZVEI？什么是双元制职业培训？什么是双元制职业培训？ ？它是如何工作的？它是如何工作的？为什么在公司内部的职业培训？为什么在公司内部的职业培训？电气和电子工业现代的职业培训方式电气和电子工业现代的职业培训方式16 October 2021Folie 3Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010Who is ZVEI ?German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Associatio

4、nOne of the worlds largest electrical and electronics industry associations: 1,600 member companies, 4 incorporated organizations, and a network of competence comprising over 5,000 expertsPacemakers of technical progress, with key technologies decisively influencing innovation and growth in virtuall

5、y all sectors of the economyFigures 2009:Employees in Germany: 810,000Employees in German companies abroad: 600,000Turnover:145.0 bn (2008: 182 bn )of which from foreign customers: 67.8 bn (=46,5%)R&D spending; 10.4 bn ZVEI represents approx. 80% of the sector in terms of turnover and employee numbe

6、rs 16 October 2021Folie 4Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010德国电气和电子工业同业公会德国电气和电子工业同业公会 一个世界上最大的电气和电子工业协会：一个世界上最大的电气和电子工业协会：1600会员公司，会员公司，4条编入组织，职权和专家组成条编入组织，职权和专家组成的网络超过的网络超过5000 起搏器技术的进展，决定性影响的关键技术几乎在所有经济部门创新和起搏器技术的进展，决定性影响的关键技术几乎在所有经济部门创新和发展发展

7、2009年的数字：年的数字： 在德国的员工：在德国的员工：810 000 德国企业在国外的雇员：德国企业在国外的雇员：600 000 营业额：营业额：145.0亿（亿（2008年：年：182亿亿） 其中来自国外的客户：其中来自国外的客户：67.8亿亿（= 46.5） 研发支出研发支出; 10.4亿亿 ZVEI表示约表示约 80的部门在营业额及员工人数方面的部门在营业额及员工人数方面 16 October 2021Folie 5Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China

8、2010Connection between ZVEI and the dual system of vocational trainingQualified workforce is the backbone of a hightech industry. Representing a hightech industry, ZVEI is actively engaged in matters of human resources development.Activities of ZVEI include questions of engineering studies as well a

9、s vocational training and further training for both engineers and technicians.For decades now, based on its specific experience, ZVEI represents the employers side in the development of new professions for the electrical and electronics industry within the dual system.We are convinced: The best way

10、of vocational training is the dual system.16 October 2021Folie 6Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010高素质的劳动力是一个高科技行业的中坚力量。代表高科技产业，高素质的劳动力是一个高科技行业的中坚力量。代表高科技产业，ZVEI正在积极开发人力资正在积极开发人力资源事宜。源事宜。对对ZVEI活动包括工程研究的问题，以及职业培训，都是工程师和技术人员的进一步培训。活动包括工程研究的问题，以及职业培

11、训，都是工程师和技术人员的进一步培训。现在，它的具体经验的基础上几十年来，现在，它的具体经验的基础上几十年来，ZVEI表示双系统内的雇主在新的专业用于电气表示双系统内的雇主在新的专业用于电气和电子工业的发展方和电子工业的发展方我们深信：职业培训的最佳方式是双系统我们深信：职业培训的最佳方式是双系统16 October 2021Folie 7Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010What is the dual system of vocational tr

12、aining?The dual system is a combination of learning (in vocational schools) and training (in companies) which provides the basis for vocational skills.Within the dual system, (state-run) vocational schools and (private) companies share a joint educational responsibility.VT in the dual system builds

13、bridges to further training and lifelong learning.The systems central aim is to promote employability in a changing workplace: People must be able to plan, carry out and check their work independently.16 October 2021Folie 8Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner,

14、Q-China 2010该系统是一个双学结合的职业（职业学校）和培训（在公司），它提供了技能基础。该系统是一个双学结合的职业（职业学校）和培训（在公司），它提供了技能基础。在双系统，（国营）及（私人）公司的股票一所职业学校联合办学的责任。在双系统，（国营）及（私人）公司的股票一所职业学校联合办学的责任。在双系统的在双系统的VT基础，进一步培训和终身学习的桥梁。基础，进一步培训和终身学习的桥梁。该系统的核心目标是促进就业工作中不断变化的：人们必须能够策划，实施，检查他们该系统的核心目标是促进就业工作中不断变化的：人们必须能够策划，实施，检查他们的独立工作。的独立工作。16 October 202

15、1Folie 9Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010Basic elements of the dual systemDual: Two providers of training (vocational school and company).System: Both providers interact.The person undergoing such a training is both trainee at a company and stu

16、dent at a vocational school.Source: BMBF16 October 2021Folie 10Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010双重的：两年的培训（职业学校和公司）供应商？。系统：两个提供互动。的人接受这种培训既在公司和学生在职业学校实习16 October 2021Folie 11Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Di

17、egner, Q-China 2010State:Standardized frameworkIndustry:Industrial environmentVocational School:General education and specialized instruction1-2 days per week*Company:Practice-related training4-3 days per week*The Dual System: Partners and their contributions* 5 days working weekChamber of commerce

18、and industry:Examinations16 October 2021Folie 12Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010双元制：合作伙伴和他们的贡献双元制：合作伙伴和他们的贡献国家：标准化框架行业：产业环境职业学校：普通教育和专业指导每周1-2天*公司名称：实践有关的培训每周4-3天* 商会和行业：考试16 October 2021Folie 13Research, Human Resources Development, Productio

19、n EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010Why in-company vocational training?1Socio-economic advantagesHigh qualification level of workforce.Cost cutting by permanent innovation in training due to close interaction between training and practice, and by contributions to productivity during training.Ba

20、sed on a consensus between employers and unions.Low unemployment rates among young people due to their quick integration into the labour market. Advantages for the labour market and individual companiesTotal sum of individual apprenticeship contracting decisions results in a high degree of consisten

21、cy with the requirements of the labour market that cannot be achieved through planning alone.Training regulated by federal law and uniform examinations assure a comparable standard of training and high mobility.Training done on the shop floor provides state-of-the-art work experience and a higher de

22、gree of job performance ability. 16 October 2021Folie 14Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010职业培训为什么在公司内部？职业培训为什么在公司内部？社会和经济优势社会和经济优势资质等级高的劳动力。资质等级高的劳动力。削减成本永久性创新培训由于培训和实践之间的密切互动，并在训练中对生产力的贡献。削减成本永久性创新培训由于培训和实践之间的密切互动，并在训练中对生产力的贡献。根据雇主和工会之间达成共识。根据雇

23、主和工会之间达成共识。由于他们在进入劳动力市场的快速整合青年人失业率低。由于他们在进入劳动力市场的快速整合青年人失业率低。劳动力市场的优势，为企业和个人劳动力市场的优势，为企业和个人总承包和个体学徒决定结果的一致性与劳动力市场，不能仅仅通过规划达到要求的高度。总承包和个体学徒决定结果的一致性与劳动力市场，不能仅仅通过规划达到要求的高度。受联邦法律培训和统一考试，保证了培训和流动性比较高的标准。受联邦法律培训和统一考试，保证了培训和流动性比较高的标准。在车间做训练提供先进设备，最先进的工作经验和能力，工作绩效较高。在车间做训练提供先进设备，最先进的工作经验和能力，工作绩效较高。16 Octobe

24、r 2021Folie 15Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010Why in-company vocational training?2Educational-pedagogic advantagesVocational training enjoys high social status and general esteem in Germany.The amalgamation of learning and working promotes mot

25、ivation and provides actual work experience.The trainee gains independence and is thus prepared to accept responsibility in his/her future work.Personal advantagesVT in a company gives the trainee the assurance that he/she can satisfy the requirements of a job and is therefore able to earn a living.

26、 VT in a company forms the basis for participation in future advanced training and therefore a career.16 October 2021Folie 16Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010职业培训为什么在公司内部？职业培训为什么在公司内部？教育，教学的优势教育，教学的优势职业培训中享有较高的社会地位和在德国一般自尊。职业培训中享有较高的社会地位和在德国一般自

27、尊。学习和？促进动机和工作？提供实际工作经验的融合。学习和？促进动机和工作？提供实际工作经验的融合。学员取得独立和？因此准备？接受他学员取得独立和？因此准备？接受他/她今后的工作责任。她今后的工作责任。个人的利益个人的利益在公司的在公司的VT使学员的保证，他使学员的保证，他/她能满足工作的要求，并能因此谋生。她能满足工作的要求，并能因此谋生。在公司的在公司的VT构成了今后参加高级培训和职业生涯，因此基础。构成了今后参加高级培训和职业生涯，因此基础。显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音16 October 2021Folie 17Research, Human Resources D

28、evelopment, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010Why in-company vocational training?3DisadvantagesResponsibility for VT and education in vocational schools not in the same hand.Costs of VT (practice) carried by the individual company itself:Contributions to productivity during training

29、(earnings) (in industry and trade, Germany 2007)But, it pays off bybetter quality, greater productivity, more job satisfaction, intensive company loyalty. Qualified workforce is the backbone of a hightech industry: it transforms the ideas of engineers into products! gross costs per trainee resulting

30、 net costs16700 12100 4600 16 October 2021Folie 18Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010职业培训为什么在公司内部？职业培训为什么在公司内部？缺点缺点职业学校中的责任不在同一手职业学校中的责任不在同一手VT和教育。和教育。VT的费用（实践）由个别公司本身：的费用（实践）由个别公司本身：在训练中对生产力的贡献（收益）（工业和贸易，德国在训练中对生产力的贡献（收益）（工业和贸易，德国2007年）年）但是，它的回报

31、但是，它的回报更好的质量，更高的生产力，更高的工作满意度，公司的忠诚度激烈。更好的质量，更高的生产力，更高的工作满意度，公司的忠诚度激烈。合格的劳动力是一个高科技行业的中坚力量？它转化为产品工程师的想法！合格的劳动力是一个高科技行业的中坚力量？它转化为产品工程师的想法！显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音16700 121004600每名学员大成本 的净成本16 October 2021Folie 19Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010Re

32、asons why companies are willing to offer trainingSource: BMBF16 October 2021Folie 20Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010公司为何愿意提供培训公司为何愿意提供培训受训者满足公司要求：受训者满足公司要求：94%有技能的劳动力不能从劳动力市场获得：有技能的劳动力不能从劳动力市场获得：90%预防预防人才流失：人才流失：80%能够选择好的员工：能够选择好的员工：74%避免选择人员时

33、出现偏差：避免选择人员时出现偏差：73%降低新员工的入门成本：降低新员工的入门成本：58%提高公司声誉：提高公司声誉：57%学员发展为生产雇员：学员发展为生产雇员：42%降低人员招募成本：降低人员招募成本：35%16 October 2021Folie 21Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010New professions for the electrical and electronics industry why?The industry chang

34、ed the professions had to follow!In the 1990s, the electrical and electronics industry underwent fundamental changes:Increasing importance of process based work forms (new disruptive technologies, IT, new business and organizational challenges, quality management systems, )Increasing complexity and

35、networking of technologiesIncreasing importance of customer related servicesThe VT based on old“ (1987s) electrical professions had not kept pace.Consequently, the numbers of training contracts in the traditional professions constantly decreased. Young people were no longer interested, companies off

36、ered VT in neighboring fields (IT professions, mechatronics). Time for new professions had come!16 October 2021Folie 22Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010电气和电子行业的新职业是什么？电气和电子行业的新职业是什么？该行业调整该行业调整 - 专业必须遵循！专业必须遵循！20世纪世纪90年代，电器及电子工业经历了根本性的变化：年代，电器及电

37、子工业经历了根本性的变化：越来越多的过程中基础的工作形式的重要性（新的突破性技术，信息技术，新业务和组越来越多的过程中基础的工作形式的重要性（新的突破性技术，信息技术，新业务和组织方面的挑战，质量管理体系，织方面的挑战，质量管理体系，.）增加技术的复杂性和联网增加技术的复杂性和联网提高客户的相关服务的重要性提高客户的相关服务的重要性对对“老老”（1987年）的电气专业基础的年）的电气专业基础的VT没有跟上步伐。没有跟上步伐。因此，在传统行业的培训合同数量不断下降。年轻人不再感兴趣，在因此，在传统行业的培训合同数量不断下降。年轻人不再感兴趣，在VT的周边领域（资的周边领域（资讯科技专业，机电一体

38、化）所提供的公司。讯科技专业，机电一体化）所提供的公司。新行业时机已经到来！新行业时机已经到来！16 October 2021Folie 23Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010Basic design principles of the new electrical and electronics professions 2003New professions, designed by modern principles, taught in mode

39、rn ways of training and examination:Business processes define professions, and ways and contents of trainingNew technologies, new employment fields new qualification challenges!Flexibility is what companies needBroad qualification profiles, wholistic acting competences, open training structures, ope

40、nness to new developmentsProfessional competence for companys demand is the central aimCarry out concrete tasks, fill concrete orders, run and optimize production and service processes, cooperate with neighboring departmentsLearning by doing for experience based working and self-directed learningCom

41、bination of formal and practical knowledge, ability for responsible flexible acting, dealing with uncertainties 16 October 2021Folie 24Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010新电气和电子行业新电气和电子行业2003年基本设计原则年基本设计原则新职业，通过培训和考试中的现代方式的现代教学原则，旨在：新职业，通过培训和考试中的现

42、代方式的现代教学原则，旨在：专业的业务流程定义，以及方法和训练内容专业的业务流程定义，以及方法和训练内容新技术，新的就业领域资格新技术，新的就业领域资格新的挑战！新的挑战！灵活性是企业需要什么灵活性是企业需要什么广泛资格型材，代理全人能力，公开培训结构，开放的新发展广泛资格型材，代理全人能力，公开培训结构，开放的新发展专业为公司的需求竞争力是核心目标专业为公司的需求竞争力是核心目标开展具体任务，具体填写订单，运行和优化生产和服务流程，与邻国合作部门开展具体任务，具体填写订单，运行和优化生产和服务流程，与邻国合作部门实践中学习，工作经验为基础，自我导向学习实践中学习，工作经验为基础，自我导向学习

43、正式的和实际的知识，灵活的演技负责，联合处理不确定性正式的和实际的知识，灵活的演技负责，联合处理不确定性16 October 2021Folie 25Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010plan check makeSub-process Sub-process Work processes and challengestypical for the professionNetworking:- Production / Services- IT sys

44、temsInterfaces:- Upstream and downstream steps- External and internal customersQuality management:- Products / Processes- Quality documentsWork structures:- Cooperation- CommunicationSystems competence:- Functions / connections- IntegrationState of the art (tools, methods, techniques)Comprehensive (

45、professional challenges, drivers, criteria)Integrated (complete professional action) 16 October 2021Folie 26Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010工作流程和提取为行业的典型工作流程和提取为行业的典型接口： 上游和下游的步骤 外部和内部顾客网络： 生产/服务 IT系统子过程子过程质量管理： 产品/工艺 质量文件工作结构： 合作 通讯系统权限： 功能/连

46、接 整合计划检查做目前最先进的 （工具，方法，技巧）综合 （专业的挑战， 驱动程序，标准）综合 （完整的专业动作）16 October 2021Folie 27Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010Qualification in competence areas(practical part)Specific qualifications21 monthsShared core qualifications21 monthsOperation areaI

47、ntegrated trainingyearsTraining of specific skills in an operation area chosen by the company Provides flexibility both to the needs of the company and to technological development!Qualifications and skills specific for a certain occupatione.g. electronics technicians for building and infrastructure

48、 systems: “configure the control devices of technical systems, test the functioning of systems and safety equipment”Qualifications and skills shared by all professions within a given groupe.g. safety, environmental and health protection, planning and organizing, 01233,516 October 2021Folie 28Researc

49、h, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010在能力领域内的资格？（实践部分）在能力领域内的资格？（实践部分）3.5年年操作领域特殊资格21个月综合培训共有的核心资格21个月在经营领域的专门技能培训由公司既提供灵活性该公司的需要和科技的发展！为某特定职业 资格和技能例如电子技术人员和基础设施系统建设：“配置技术系统的控制装置，测试系统和安全设备的功能” 所有共有的专业资格和技能在给定的组例如安全，环境和健康保护，规划和组织，.16 October 2021Folie 29Res

50、earch, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010Source: BMBFQualification in competence areas(theoretical part)Structured by learning areas (instruction units that are derived from the main tasks within a relevant profession).In this concept, vocational-school l

51、earning is oriented to company processes and, thus, complex tasks.Vocational school curricula16 October 2021Folie 30Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010在能力领域内的资格？（实践部分）在能力领域内的资格？（实践部分）职业学校课程由学习领域构成（结构单元来自相关过程派生的主要任务）。在这个理念下，职业学校学习是面向企业流程，因此，复杂的任务。

52、 1/3一般课程材料社会学科，经济学科，外国语，宗教。16 October 2021Folie 31Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010TheoryTypical work processesCompany Sub-process nOpera-tion areaLearning areaSpecific qualificationsCore qualificationsSynchronicity of in-company training and v

53、ocational education in competence areasSub-process n+2Vocational schoolPracticeDuration of trainingCompetence area16 October 2021Folie 32Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010公司内部培训和能力领域职业教育的同步性公司内部培训和能力领域职业教育的同步性 典型的工作过程 子过程N 子过程N+2操作领域特殊资格标准共有资格标准实践学习领域理论能力标准学习期间16 October 2021Folie 33Research, Human Resources Development, Production EngineeringDr. B. Diegner, Q-China 2010ExaminationsSpecific qualificationsShared core qualificationsIntegrated trainingyears01233,5Work assignment(practice)Systems designand analysis(accomp. t