环境毒理学绪论

1、 上世纪40-60年代，社会对污染认知的改变 稀释模式： 解决污染的方法是稀释； 飞返模式：你丢弃的东西会返回来伤害你。对生态毒理学的需要对生态毒理学的需要 水俣病 （Hg）On the day of the patients victory at court, someone wrote a headline: The Day that Tomoko Smiled. She couldnt possibly have known. Tomoko Uemura, born in 1956, was attacked by mercury in the womb of her outwardly

2、 healthy mother. No one knows if she is aware of her surroundings or not.Smith and Smith (1975) 痛痛病 （Cd） DDT 和 DDE 对鸟类繁殖率的损害 不断涌现的环境问题： 核物质； 溢油事件； 杀虫剂。 Environmental Toxicology Study of the effects of environmental contaminants on humans Ecotoxicology Truhaut (1977) defined as science of contaminant

3、 effects on ecological entities and humans Humans are excluded from most modern definitions Often defined within an ecosystem context HERE - the science of contaminants in the biosphere and their effects on constituents of the biosphere including humans.ECOTOXICOLOGY DEFINEDEven the classic toxicolo

4、gists have broadened their context. The Society of Toxicology defines toxicology as “study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, and biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem”Different biological levels All relevant levels should beconsidered. This is one exciting feature of ec

5、otoxicology. Caswell (1996): Processes at one level take their mechanisms from the level below and find their consequences at the level above.一个水平上发生的过程的机制来自其下一级，而这个过程的结果又在它上一级水平上得到体现。A SYNTHETIC SCIENCE不同水平的研究相关概念 生态系统： 在一定空间中栖居的所有生物与其环境之间由于不断进行物质循环和能量流动过程而形成的统一体； 种群： 一定空间中同种个体的组合，是物种在自然界存在的基本单位； 群

6、落： 特定空间内，由一定的生物种类组成的，具有一定外貌、结构及特定功能的生物集合体。科学、技术与实践在生态毒理学中普遍缺乏一致性意见导致了许多混淆。表面上看去并不一致的行为是怎样集中到去实现三个相互交织并且同等重要的目标： 科学科学技术技术 实践实践Three aspects of study Scientific goals: knowledge-based development, including observations and experiments； Technological goals: analytical techniques, biomarker, biomonitor

7、s,etc； Practical goals: management issues,water quality criteria, standards.SCIENTIFIC GOALS to organize knowledge, based on explanatory principles, about contaminants in the biosphere and their effects. Precipitate Explanation -cumulative effects of uncritical acceptance of an explanation based on

8、a ruling theory Working Hypothesis - never accepted as true and only serves to enhance the development of facts and their relations by functioning as the focus of the falsification process Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses - reduces precipitate explanation and subjectivity by considering all pla

9、usible hypotheses simultaneously so that equal amounts of effort and attention are provided to each. 在解释性原理的基础上对生物圈中污染物及其效应的知识进行有机的总结。SCIENTIFIC GOALSGradually, observational and experimental methods produce a framework of explanatory principles about which facts are organized. These paradigms (gene

10、rally accepted concepts in a healthy science that withstood rigorous testing and, as a result, hold enhanced status as causal explanations) define the major directions of inquiry in a field. They act as nuclei around which ancillary concepts are formulated and as a framework for further testing and

11、enrichment of fact. Paradigms are subject to future scrutiny, revision, rejection, or replacement. SCIENTIFIC GOALSTwo interdependent types of behavior occur in any science: Normal science - works within established paradigms, and increases the amount and accuracy of our knowledge within that framew

12、ork. Its contribution is the incremental enhancement of facts and articulation of ideas with which paradigms can be reaffirmed, revised, or replaced by new paradigms Innovative science - questions existing paradigms and formulates new paradigms. Innovative science is completely dependent on normal s

13、cience. Normal science tends to be more important in a young field. An excessive preoccupation with details (tyranny of the particular”) or measurement (idola quantitatus) can slow the maturation and progress of a science.Insistence on rigorous hypothesis testing prior to the accumulation of enough

14、facts and establishment of accurate measurement techniques can lead to premature rejection of a hypothesis that might otherwise be accepted.TECHNICAL GOALS to develop and apply tools and methods to acquire a better understanding of contaminant fate and effects in the biosphere.Often some activities

15、in technology are indistinguishable from normal science.Their goals are distinct. Relative to plainly scientific endeavors, the benefits to society of technology are more immediate but slightly less global. Analytical InstrumentsStatistical MethodsComputer ModelsStandard Test MethodSampling/Monitori

16、ng ProgramsDNA technologiesBiomarkers通过对工具以及方法的开发和应用取得对污染物在生物圈中的归趋和效应的更好理解。PRACTICAL GOALS to apply available knowledge and technologies toward documenting or solving specific problems.Using to resolve a specific problem Methods for determining contaminant leaching from wastesRisk assessment paradig

17、mAny of the aforementioned technologies Water quality criteria, standards and TMDLsAn ASTM toxicity test methodMolecular techniques to document DNA damage以运用现有的知识和技术去记载并解决具体问题。EXPAND & MORE OVERLAPSummaryThe science of contaminants in the biosphere and theireffects on constituents of the biosphere including human