探索与征服-美洲征服史ExplorationandConquestoftheAmericas

1、Exploration and Conquest of the AmericasReasons for Exploration: GoldSpice trade controlled by Italians & Ottoman TurksSlave trade controlled by North African MuslimsCopyright 2000, Wadsworth/Thomson LearningReasons for Exploration: GodThe Reconquista ended with the fall of Granada in Jan. 1492Conqu

2、est & conversion of Indians seen as extensionHoped to join forces with mythical Kingdom of Prester John & renew CrusadesQueen IsabellaReasons for Exploration: Glory & technological advancesDesire to win fame & fortuneInspired in part by Renaissance humanismTechnological advances:Compass, astrolabe &

3、 quadrantBetter portaline mapsCaravel 1st ship capable of tacking against the windPortuguese caravelThe Portuguese ExplorersEst. sugar colonies in Madeira (1420), Azores (1427), Cape Verde Islands (1460) & Sa Tom (1470)Bartholomew Diaz rounded Cape of Good Hope in 1488Vasco da Gama led successful ex

4、pedition to India, 1497-99Rejected Columbus because they knew his calculations were way off under-estimated circumferenceVasco da Gama ChurchChristopher ColumbusColumbus sailed west in Aug. 1492 reached Bahamas on Oct. 12Explored Cuba & Hispaniola, then returned to Portugal March 4, 1493Made 3 more

5、voyagesDied convinced he had been to Asia 4 times The Spanish ExplorersChristopher Columbus sailed west in Aug. 1492, exploring CaribbeanTreaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided world between Spain (west) & Portugal (east)Amerigo Vespucci first to call it a new continentFrancisco Cabral claimed Brazil f

6、or Portugal in 1500Vasco Nuez de Balboa crossed Panama in 1513 & sees PacificThe ConquistadoresAdelantados private contractors hired by KingHernan Cortes conquered Mexican Empire (Aztecs), 1519-21Young minor noblemanLed revolt by subject tribes who resented tribute & human sacrificesFrancisco Pizzar

7、o conquered Inca, 1531-32Took advantage of civil warSpread smallpox deliberatelyHernan CortesFrancisco PizzaroThe Spanish EmpireViceroys ruled New Spain & Peru on Kings behalfEach divided into provincesGovernors & audencias (courts) ruled provincesHaciendas = large plantations growing cash crops (sugar, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, etc.)Mines were principle source of wealth for Spain16 million kg. entered Spain between 1503-1650Crown kept 1/5 (quinto)Flowed primarily to Spanish NetherlandsSlave LaborEncomienda = grant of Indian labor to mine & hacienda ownersRepartimiento = requirement that India