华电博士英语课程Unit5Introduction

1、Unit 5 IntroductionnTopical Highlightsn1.General Functions of Introduction n2. Structural Features of Introduction and Some Idiomatic Expressions: n3. Special Attention: sentence structure (1) Theme Presentationn1. General Functions of Introductionnone or two introductory paragraphs with or without

2、a particular subtitle. nThe length or the degree of formality of a paper may decide whether the introduction should be a separate-labeled section. nfour functions: n1) Introducing the Subjectnprovide background information nthe topic in this section can make readers a preliminary but overall impress

3、ion of the paper n2) Limiting the Research Scopennarrow down the scope of work ndefine the boundary of your studynthe range of parametersnthe exact sphere of the general subjectnthe work described is experimental or theoretical nThere are a number of expressions used to limit the scope of work:n The

4、 problem is within the scope of.n The problem under discussion is within the scope of.n Studies of these effects covered various aspects of.n Our studies with this technique are confined to only one particular aspect.n The problem described previously was directed to the example of., which differs f

5、rom. n This subject is concerned chiefly with the study of.n The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of.n The approach under study is only applied to.n The problem I have referred to falls within the field of.n The problem we have just outlined seems to be inside of the province of

6、.n The theory can not apply to other cases of.n The emphasis of this paper is to survey. n3) Stating the General Purposentell the reader why to where to start or where to guideninform the reader of the general purpose of the paper nillustrate the primary objectives of his research n4) Showing the Wr

7、iting Arrangementnthe reader understand the paper ,make the reader feel convenient and active in further reading nExpressions used to indicate the organization of the information include:n This paper is divided into five major sections as follows.n Section one of this paper opens with.n Section thre

8、e develops the second hypotheses on.n In this paper, data and results are presented under the major heading of. n Section four shows (introduces, reveals, treats, develops, deals with, etc.).nThe result of. is given in the last section.nThe 5th section provides an exposition that places the primary

9、emphasis on.nIn the following, a wide range of test data are reported. n2. Structural Features of introduction and Some Idiomatic Expressionsn1) Starting with the Research Background nThe research background nrecent developmentnWhat have been done? nExample:nThe author starts the introduction with t

10、he following:nEx.5-1nThe Behavior Translating English-to-Chinese Machine Translation System is the first of its kind in Taiwan. And it is also among the first commercialized E-to-C systems in the world. The research began as a joint effort. in May 1985. nsome expressions used to introduce the backgr

11、ound of the subject in an introduction:n Over the past several decades,.n Somebody reported.n The previous work on. has indicated that.n Recent experiments by. have suggested.n Several researchers have theoretically investigated.n In most studies of. ,. has been emphasized with attention being given

12、 to.n Industrial use of. is becoming increasingly common.n There have been a few studies highlighting.n It is well known that. n2) Transiting to the Existing Problemnanswer the question: What have not been done? nexisting problems or weak points nthe methods not adoptednmaterials not discovered nfac

13、tors ignored nexample:Ex.5-2nResearch on the mobility and diffusion of ions in neutral gases began more than 75 years ago but very accurate data on these quantities have appeared only since about I960.nRecent experiments by Grover and by Volk, Kwon, and Mark have suggested that large nuclear-spin po

14、larization can be produced in Xe nuclei by spin polarization with optically pumped rubidium atoms. However, no direct measurements of the xenon spin polarization have been reported as yet. nThe expressions used to present existing problems:n Great progress has been made in this field, but (however,

15、nevertheless, etc.).n Also, the consideration of. alone cannot explain the observed fact that. n A part of the explanation could lie in. However,.n The study of. gives rise to two main difficulties: one is.; the other is. n Despite the recent progress reviewed in., there is no generally accepted the

16、ory concerning.n From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither. nor. are known.n A major problem. is the harmful effect exerted by.n An experiment of the kind has not been made.n The kind of experiment we have in mind has not been carried out until now.n Until now no field experiment

17、s of. have been reported.n Not any experiment in this area has suggested that.n More than one experiment must be initiated to substantiate.n The method we used differs greatly from the one reported ten years ago,n The method of making. was not invented till the existence of.n No clear advancement ha

18、s so far been seen in.n No direct outcome was then reported in.n No such finding could be available in. nSo far there is not enough convincing evidence showing. nThe data available in literature failed to prove that.n The theory of. did not explain how much modifications arose. n3) Focusing on the P

19、resent Researchnstate primary research objectives, novel ideas, advanced methods, new materials, fresh factorsnanswer the question: What I am going to do? nFor example:nEx. 5-3n. In this paper, a simplified state selector is considered, both theoretically and experimentally, for use in a molecular b

20、eam ammonia maser system. nEx. 5-4n. Then, we shall focus both analytically and numerically on the following topics: (1) the influence of polarization gradients on the behavior of surface modes in the vicinity of the limiting surface; (2) the existence of a coupling between displacement components a

21、nd electric-polarization components; (3). na sample introduction of a paper entitled Innovation and the materials revolution by Felix H. A. Janszen and Marc P. F. Vioemans, published in Technovation Vol. 17 No. 10, 1997 pp.549-556. nEx. 5-5IntroductionnThe present literature on strategy and innovati

22、on pays a considerable amount of attention to industrial competition within a specific industry, between several industries and even between geographical areas (Porter, 1990; Hamel and Prahalad, 1994; Kodama, 1991). Each author emphasizes the importance of technological development but quite often u

23、ses the cases taken from relatively new so-called high-tech industries, such as telecommunications, information technology and biotechnology. nHowever, the result of this bias is a certain lack of attention to the information of the technological developments of more mature industries. A likely expl

24、anation could be that a substantial amount of strategic research has been conducted by technologists themselves. Faced with less visible developments in mature industries as well as the requirements of a deeper understanding of the underlying technologies, this last group seems rather well equipped

25、for the task. Ultimately a more technological approach would enable stakeholders to acquire a more complete picture as well as an increased understanding of the management of innovation. Those in mature industries especially could benefit from this approach. n Mature industries are those products, m

26、arkets and possibly-underlying technologies are more or less at the end of their life cycle. Competition is conducted mainly on price. As a result the innovative activities deal principally with process technologies to arrive at higher levels of efficiency (Abemathy and Utterback, 1975). Examples of

27、 mature industries are the construction, petrochemical, metals, car and ship building industries. From this list it can be concluded that this group consists of a wide variety of industries, more often than not characterized by an emphasis on so-called economies of scale. nThis is largely dependent

28、on the characteristics of process technologies in use, existing market infrastructure and market conditions. This phase of maturity can vary in length, but will often last for several decades. The relatively stable business environment of such a mature industry creates a sense of security within, wi

29、th myopic tendencies and a heavy reliance on problem solving routines that proved successful in the past. Core competences have become core rigidities (Leonard Barton, 1992). As a result, new technological developments are discerned too late, which can have disastrous effects for the industry (Foste

30、r, 1986). nThe commercial battlefield is littered with companies that could not adapt quick enoughfor example the shipbuilding industry in the 19th century which ignores the electronics industry in the 1950s that was superseded by the transistor (1947) and ICs (1959). The American electronics indust

31、ry and the Swiss watch industry have found this out to their detriment.n During the second half of this century, within the basic materials industries, a new form of competition has emerged, an inter-material competition (Kaounides, 1990): Instead of companies competing within a certain materials se

32、ctor, now (be whole sectors compete directly With one another. In various markets the traditional metals are under the threat from polymers, composites and ceramics. This has considerably increased the scale and scope of strategic behavior within the basic materials industries.nIn this article we wi

33、ll systematically survey and clarify several changes in the business environment of these industries. On the basis of a survey of developments in materials technology we will explain the effects these changes have on intra- and inter-industrial competition. On the basis of changing materials design

34、in the car industry we will draw a dynamic picture of the aforementioned developments in mature industries as well as explain the interaction, of the various drivers behind the developments. nThe expressions used to introduce the present work:n In this paper, is investigated (studied, discussed, pre

35、sented, etc.)n The present work deals mainly with.n We report here. in the presence of.n This paper reports on.n On the basis of existing literature data, we carried out studies in an effort to nThe present study will therefore focus on.n The primary goal of this research is.n The purpose of this pa

36、per (study, thesis, etc.) is.n In this paper, we aim at. nReflections and Practice(1)nI. . Analyze the following introductions, following the directions if possible.n(1) Underline the part stating the research background.n(2) Parenthesize the part pointing to the existing problem.n(3) Draw a box aro

37、und the part focusing on the present research. n Introduction 1nAccording to Hannagan (1995: 18), Modern management is essentially about managing people as well as processes, in a rapidly changing environment. This seems especially important for a British Airways office set in a different culture, w

38、hich is largely due to the fact that given the variety of cultural inheritance people under different cultures may behave in diverging ways. The human behaviors affect the performance of people at work, as shown by the Hawthorme effect, and a careful analysis of such behavior under a multicultural c

39、ontext will be beneficial to the overall performance of the department as well as that of each individual. nIn this paper, I shall undertake an analysis of an issue. The department where I work is British Agency China, based in Beijing. In this place a British manager has to deal with over 20 Chines

40、e employees. During the time that we have worked together, it has seemed to me (and the Manager) that there exists such a cultural difference and in many cases the communication between the employer and the employee cannot get through, thereby influencing the overall performance of the department. I

41、 shall analyze the issue in this context and attempt to formulate certain possible procedures to tackle the task.nIntroduction 2nIn this paper I attempt to show how a number of related concepts in Cognitive Grammar (Fillmore, 1982; Lakoff, 1982, 1987; Langacker, 1987,1988, 1990, 1991) can be applied

42、 to the analyses of discourse. Cognitive Grammar (CG) is well adapted not only to addressing issues concerning the relationship between language and cognition but also Co constituting a potentially powerfu! sociolinguistic tool. I will focus on two related concepts: profiling (Langacker, 1990) and r

43、adial category structure (Lakoff, 1987; Brugman, 1988; Taylor, 1989). nSpecial Attention: Sentence Structure (1)n1) Indicative SentencesnFor example:n(1) L stands for length, while W represents weight.n(2) Distillation is helpful to separating water from dissolved salts and other substances.n(3) Com

44、puter language may range from detailed low level close to that immediately understood by the particular computer, to the sophisticated high level which can be automatically accepted by a wide range of computers. n(4) Gathering facts, confirming them, assuming theories, testing them, and organizing f

45、indings this is all the work of science. n2) Imperative Sentencesnexamples:n(1) Now let K equal to Zero, and then we obtain the following equation.n(2) Fill in a tube with cold water, and then heat the tube to 100 C.n(3) See Table 4.n(4) To put into full play the incubation function of the high-tech

46、 development zone, we should pay enough attention to the following: First, cultivate a number of new high-tech enterprises; Second, promote a number of new high-tech products; Third, train a group of entrepreneurs. n3) Complex Sentencesnexamples.n(1) An electric current which reverses its direction

47、at regular intervals, and which is constantly changing in magnitude is called an alternating current, which is usually abbreviated as a.c.n(2) Because nonverbal behavior is regarded as a more accurate measure of how an individual actually feels than what is said, it is reasonable to assume that the

48、individual in conflict with the woman in the above example will respond to her gestures instead of to her words. n4) It + be + adj. / participle + that clause.nFor example: n(1)It is evident from the foregoing discussion that basic research is applicable to the facts upon which a science is develope

49、d, and the principle or laws of science as compared to applied research directed toward using knowledge gained by basic research to make things that will serve a practical purpose.n(2) Its concluded that the behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.n(3)It has been shown through the experiment that the charges of the nucleus and electrons are equal so that the atom is electrically neutral. n