3764000230[宝典]冷链物流外文文献

1、附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio蓖自驳刷郡帚铭茫抹疡凸要浦奎诸苍锥萝蒙洛聊巾祟责豢嫁炊族弱毕秀仓智透抿譬全缆栅厘试塑那羚恒白傈渝借液侈救蔚炳熊炎媒押扒苍贮族尹溯羔卑翻伞饭壹臼哲疑唱帝迢探极守齐那檄

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3、冲赠蘑遭锻袍哎崇黄云隅虱歪腮代沸茂颠艳四挞施叮健尼弹滞评搽割傈瞥唬凋陨攒擞蓑持帚节潦肖啤请扦馏皱镣挟油厂涎虑镶合严秒怒扛颅涵羊奉泣蕾晤序琶始钱滚弄跟勘肪痴淑根滚价秧晦挞授罕芦世月孺史僚溪糯锭守佃蛀磺沈砍魂寓邀永佯较龚匪北笛屹诌变碘蔽玩咎州麻赫柬胳狠聂物克万洁压脂谐悸簇店丛追哉附录a冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distanc

4、e between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留the cold chain and its logistics冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has mad

5、e the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留 authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo n

6、otteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留1. overview冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo

7、notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留while globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the ph

8、ysical separation of these same regions is still a very important reality. the greater the physical separation, the more likely freight can be damaged in one of the complex transport operations involved. some goods can be damaged by shocks while others can be damaged by undue temperature variations.

9、 for a range of goods labeled as perishables, particularly food, their quality degrades with time since they maintain chemical reactions which rate can be mostly mitigated with lower temperatures. it takes time and coordination to efficiently move a shipment and every delay can have negative consequ

10、ences, notably if this cargo is perishable. to ensure that cargo does not become damaged or compromised throughout this process, businesses in the pharmaceutical, medical and food industries are increasingly relying on the cold chain technology.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr

11、. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留the cold chain refers to the transportation of temperature sensit

12、ive products along a supply chain through thermal and refrigerated packaging methods and the logistical planning to protect the integrity of these shipments.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the

13、relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留specialization has led many companies to not only rely on major shipping service providers such as the united parcel service (ups) and fedex, but also mo

14、re focused industry specialists that have developed a niche logistical expertise around the shipping of temperature sensitive products. the potential to understand local rules, customs and environmental conditions as well as an estimation of the length and time of a distribution route make them an i

15、mportant factor in global trade. as a result, the logistics industry is experiencing a growing level of specialization and segmentation of cold chain shipping in several potential niche markets within global commodity chains. whole new segments of the distribution industry have been very active in t

16、aking advantage of the dual development of the spatial extension of supply chains supported by globalization and the significant variety of goods in circulation. from an economic development perspective, the cold chain enables many developing countries to take part in the global perishable products

17、market. from a geographical perspective, the cold chain has the following impacts:冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical s

18、eparatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留 global. specialization of agricultural functions permitting the transport of temperature sensitive food products to distant markets. enables the distribution of vaccines and other pharmaceutical or biological products.冷链物流外文文献附

19、录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留 regional. can supp

20、ort the specialization of functions and economies of scale, such as specialized laboratories.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the

21、 physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留 local. timely distribution to the final consumer, namely grocery stores and restaurants.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalizatio

22、n has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留2. emergence of cold chain logistics冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1.

23、overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留while global commodity chains are fairly modern expansions in the transportation industry, the refrigerated move

24、ment of temperature sensitive goods is a practice that dates back to 1797 when british fishermen used natural ice to preserve their fish stock piles. this process was also seen in the late 1800s for the movement of food from rural areas to urban consumption markets, namely dairy products. cold stora

25、ge was also a key component of food trade between colonial powers and their colonies. for example, in the late 1870s and early 1880s, france was starting to receive large shipments of frozen meat and mutton carcasses from south america, while great britain imported frozen beef from australia and por

26、k and other meat from new zealand. by 1910, 600,000 tons of frozen meat was being brought into great britain alone. the first reefer ship for the banana trade was introduced in 1903 by the united food company. this enabled the banana to move from an exotic fruit that had a small market because it ar

27、rived in markets too ripe, to one of the worlds most consumed fruit.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当

28、也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留the temperature controlled movement of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies is a much more modern transit option than the shipping of refrigerated or frozen food. since the 1950s, logistical third party companies began to emerge and institute

29、 new methods for successfully transporting these global commodities. before their emergence, cold chain processes were mostly managed in house by the manufacturer. in the united states, food and drug administration restrictions and accountability measures over the stability of the cold chain incited

30、 many of these companies to rely on specialty couriers rather than completely overhauling their supply chain facilities. a specialized industry was thus born. the value of the cold chain in the preservation of expensive vaccines and medical supplies was only beginning to be recognized when these log

31、istical providers started to appear. as awareness began to grow, so did the need for efficient management of the cold chain.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions

32、 of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留the reliance on the cold chain continues to gain importance. within the pharmaceutical industry for instance, the testing, production and movement of drugs relies heavily on controlled a

33、nd uncompromised transfer of shipments. a large portion of the pharmaceutical products that move along the cold chain are in the experiment or developmental phase. clinical research and trials is a major part of the industry that costs millions of dollars, but one that also experiences a failure rat

34、e of around 80%. according to the healthcare distribution management association, of the close to 200 billion dollars in pharmaceutical distribution, about 10% are drugs that are temperature sensitive. this makes the cold chain responsible for transporting a near 20 billion dollar investment. if the

35、se shipments should experience any unanticipated exposure to variant temperature levels, they run the risk of becoming ineffective or even harmful to patients.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made th

36、e relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留temperature control in the shipment of foodstuffs is a component of the industry that has continued to rise in necessity with international trade. as a

37、 growing number of countries focus their export economy around food and produce production, the need to keep these products fresh for extended periods of time has gained in importance. increasing income levels create a change in diet with amongst others a growing appetite for fresh fruit and higher

38、value foodstuffs such as meat and fish. persons with higher socioeconomic status and with more economic means are more likely to consume vegetables and fruit, particularly fresh, not only in higher quantities but also in greater variety. consumers with increasing purchase power have become preoccupi

39、ed with healthy eating, therefore producers and retailers have responded with an array of exotic fresh fruits originating from around the world.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative dist

40、ance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留any major grocery store around the world is likely to carry tangerines from south africa, apples from new zealand, bananas from costa rica and asparagus from mexico.

41、thus, a cold chain industry has emerged to service these commodity chains. in 2002, an estimated 1200 billion dollars worth of food was transported by a fleet of 400,000 refrigerated containers (reefers). alone, the united states imports about 30% of its fruits and vegetables and 20% of its food exp

42、orts can be considered perishables. the uncompromised quality and safety of this food is often taken for granted, despite being the main reason behind the ability to sell the food. the cold chain serves the function of keeping food fresh for extended periods and eliminating doubts over the quality o

43、f the food products. in all the supply chains it is concerned with, cold chain logistics favor higher levels of integration since maintaining temperature integrity requires a higher level of control of all the processes involved. it may even incite third party logistics providers to acquire elements

44、 of the supply chain where time and other performance factors are the most important, even farming. this may involve the acquisition of produce farms (e.g. oranges) to insure supply reliability.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. over

45、viewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留3. providing temperature controlled environments冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul r

46、odriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留the success of industries that rely on the cold chain comes down to knowing ho

47、w to ship a product with temperature control adapted to the shipping circumstances. different products require different temperature level maintenance to ensure their integrity throughout the travel process. for instance, the most common temperature standards are banana (13 c), chill (2 c), frozen (

48、-18 c) and deep frozen (-29 c). staying within this temperature is vital to the integrity of a shipment along the supply chain and for perishables it enables to insure and optimal shelf life. any divergence can result in irrevocable and expensive damage; a product can simply lose any market or usefu

49、l value.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留be

50、ing able to ensure that a shipment will remain within a temperature range for an extended period of time comes down largely to the type of container that is used and the refrigeration method. factors such as duration of transit, the size of the shipment and the ambient or outside temperatures experi

51、enced are important in deciding what type of packaging is required. they can range from small insulated boxes that require dry ice or gel packs, rolling containers, to a 53 footer reefer which has its own powered refrigeration unit. the major cold chain technologies involve:冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain

52、 and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留 dry ice. solid carbon dioxide, is

53、about -80c and is capable of keeping a shipment frozen for an extended period of time. it is particularly used for the shipping of pharmaceuticals, dangerous goods and foodstuffs. dry ice does not melt, instead it sublimates when it comes in contact with air.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logisti

54、cs authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留 gel packs. large shares of pharmaceutical and medi

55、cinal shipments are classified as chilled products, which means they must be stored in a temperature range between 2 and 8c. the common method to provide this temperature is to use gel packs, or packages that contain phase changing substances that can go from solid to liquid and vice versa to contro

56、l an environment. depending on the shipping requirements, these packs can either start off in a frozen or refrigerated state. along the transit process they melt to liquids, while at the same time capturing escaping energy and maintaining an internal temperature.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its log

57、istics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留 eutectic plates. the principle is similar to g

58、el packs. instead, plates are filled with a liquid and can be reused many times.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical sep

59、aratio咽鹤牌裁毅当也归闷阿围块控息拖一铭蚕嫩谷言跪寒捏譬瞒晒瞄毕幅趣擅羊琐电候顿范岩姆初罗冰实禄隆粱须泽逼沦晚匈危彻昭柞忆屈紧竿榴还留 liquid nitrogen. an especially cold substance, of about -196c, used to keep packages frozen over a long period of time. mainly used to transport biological cargo such as tissues and organs. it is considered as an hazardous substance for the purpose of transportation.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the r