科技英语中定语从句的替代用法

1、科技英语中定语从句的替代用法 引言 定语从句的替代用法 小结一、引言一、引言 由于科技英语多用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而简单句常无法完整的表达出复杂的科学思维，因此科技英语常会出现中心词不只有一个定语对其进行修饰限定的复杂长句。 为避免反复使用定语从句致使的句子冗长，科技英语中常会使用起相同修饰限定作用的现在分词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、分词短语和形容词短语结构作前置定语或后置定语，来代替定语从句，以使句子结构更加紧凑，句子表达更加精炼。二、定语从句的替代用法二、定语从句的替代用法u替代结构只作前置定语替代结构只作前置定语u替代结构只作后置定语替代结构

2、只作后置定语u替代结构既可以作前置定语又可以做后置定语替代结构既可以作前置定语又可以做后置定语1. 1. 定语从句的替代结构只作前置定语的用法定语从句的替代结构只作前置定语的用法n单个现在分词单个现在分词n单个动名词单个动名词 单个现在分词具有形容词的性质，可以代替定语从句起同样修饰限定的作用。 1.1 1.1 动词的单个现在分词只作前置定语可代替定语从句动词的单个现在分词只作前置定语可代替定语从句doing（主动形式）being done（被动形式）单个现在分词一般式主要表示“主动”含义，有时还可以表示动作正在进行，可代替谓语为现在时态的定语从句主要强调动作现在或当时正在进行，可代替谓语为一

3、般现在进行时被动形式的定语从句单个现在分词作前置定语有以下两种情况：l单个现在分词单独使用单个现在分词单独使用l单个现在分词与名词连用构成复合结构单个现在分词与名词连用构成复合结构 单个现在分词可单独使用作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词，从而代替定语从句。单个现在分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句单个现在分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句Regarding product-specific risk, new FMCC products usually involve less innovation, often modifying an existing product feature suc

4、h as fewer calories, newer flavor, more recyclable packaging, and so forth. modifying a product feature which/that has existed A mobile system must be adaptive to these changing conditions. to these conditions which/that are changing这种结构中常见的单个现在分词有“existing, naming, opposing, reducing, consuming, le

5、ading, working, following, branding, operating, changing, supporting, conflicting, varying, profiling, pricing, selling, underlying, using, computing”等。单个现在分词与名词连用构成复合结构作前置定语代替定语单个现在分词与名词连用构成复合结构作前置定语代替定语从句从句 单个现在分词除了单独作前置定语外，还可与名词连用构成复合结构，作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词。By determining the response of earlier adopt

6、ers, this research helps inform brand-naming decisions for HT innovations. helps inform decisions which/that relate to name brandConsumers deal with unacceptable levels of risk by engaging in risk-reducing strategies. by engaging in strategies which/that can reduce riskThe Dowling and Staelin model

7、is compatible with the conflict theory model of decision making, the information-processing paradigm of consumer choice , and economically based search models. the paradigm of consumer choice which/that relates to process information常见的这种复合结构还有“a rubber-producing country (= a country which produces

8、rubber 生产橡胶的国家), velocity-retarding forces (=forces which retard velocity减速力), sound-absorbing materials (= materials which absorb sound 吸音材料), a fast-growing industry (= an industry which grows fast 迅速发展的工业), a deep diving submarine (= a submarine which can dive deeply 深潜水艇) ”等。 单个动名词的一般式同样有两种形式，主动

9、形式doing和被动形式being done，与单个现在分词的两种形式一样。 但单个动名词作定语时只是表示一种目的或用途，它所修饰的中心词并不能发出它所表示的动作。1.2 1.2 单个动名词只作前置定语代替定语从句单个动名词只作前置定语代替定语从句a writing instrument 书写/记录仪器（“仪器”并不会“书写/记录”） an instrument which is used for writinga driving-mirror 驾驶镜 a mirror which/that is used for driving a receiving set 接收机 a set which

10、/that is used for receiving signalsthe freezing point 冰点 he point at which it freezes2. 2. 定语从句的替代结构只作后置定语的用法定语从句的替代结构只作后置定语的用法n介词短语介词短语n动词的分词短语动词的分词短语n形容词短语形容词短语2.1 2.1 介词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句介词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句 常见于“with结构”的介词短语，通常表示所修饰成分的所属，状态等。Accordingly, a new product with a new brand name will likely ca

11、rry more uncertainty and risk than a brand extension, assuming a fit between the brand and the new product. a new product which/that has a new brand nameApplications with hard real-time constraints are more difficult to offload. Applications which/that are set with hard real-time constraintsThis sig

12、nificant difference indicates that these individuals evaluated the incremental smart phone more favorably with a new than an existing brand name. smart phone more favorably which/that has a new than an existing brand name2.2 2.2 动词的分词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句动词的分词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句 分词短语只能作后置定语修饰限定中心词，从而代替定语从句。As a

13、 consequence, consumers are more uncertain about the potential flaws involved in such an immature technology, which are often corrected only in later versions. the potential flaws which involved in such an immature technologyIn total, 2600 posts supplied by 393 individuals were downloaded from the t

14、wo online discussion forums; the total number of posts made by each group was approximately equal. 2600 posts which/that were supplied by 393 individualsthe total number of posts which/that were made by each groupThe characteristics were defined with the help of a group of 11 marketing managers work

15、ing for a large mobile technology company. 11 marketing managers who worked for a large mobile technology company2.3 2.3 形容词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句形容词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句 There are many stars larger than the sun. There are many stars which/that are larger than the sun.An example of this is motion parallel to the e

16、arths surface. motion which/that is parallel to the earths surface.Something as small as a worm may be composed of millions of cells. Something that is as small as a worm3.3.定语从句的替代结构既可作前置定语又可作定语从句的替代结构既可作前置定语又可作 后置定语的用法后置定语的用法 在替代定语从句的结构中，单个动词的过去分词很特殊，其同样具有形容词的性质，可以代替定语从句修饰限定，但它既可以作前置定语，也可以作后置定语。 单

17、个过去分词主要表示被动含义（即与其相关的名词接受该动作），有时还可表示动作的完成，与被修饰词构成逻辑上被动的主谓关系，因此可以代替谓语为被动或完成的定语从句。3.1 3.1 单个过去分词可作前置定语代替定语从从句单个过去分词可作前置定语代替定语从从句 单个过去分词通常用作前置定语代替定语从句，这时其具有很强的形容词的特点，强调的是某种状态。单个过去分词作前置定语有以下两种情况：l单个过去分词单独使用单个过去分词单独使用l单个过去分词与名词连用构成复合结构单个过去分词与名词连用构成复合结构 单个过去分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句单个过去分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句On the othe

18、r hand, branding theory advocates using established brand names to reduce the perceived risk of a new product purchase. advocates using brand that has been establishedto reduce the risk of a new product purchase that can be perceivedAs mentioned, Klink and Athaide (2010) find that while later adopte

19、rs favor known brands, earlier adopters favor new brand names on FMCG products. find that while later adopters favor brands which/that are knownAs expected, the consumer innovativeness brand name interaction is significant and in the predicted direction ( = 0.053, p b 0.05). in the direction which/t

20、hat is predictedthe unwanted signals 不需要的信号 the signals which/that are not wanteda widely used alloy 一种使用广泛的合金 an alloy which/that is widely useda radio controlled device 一台由无线电控制的设备 a device which is controlled by radio常见的作前置定语的单个过去分词有“perceived, curved, established, handled, bottled, considered, f

21、avored, implied, related, focused, known, preferred, controlled, selected, predicted, accepted, sophisticated, constrained, limited, distributed, defined, given, wired, proposed, assumed, fixed, started, complicated, identified, oversized”等。 单个过去分词与名词连用构成复合结构作前置定语代替单个过去分词与名词连用构成复合结构作前置定语代替定语从句定语从句 单

22、个过去分词除了单独作前置定语外，还可与名词连用构成复合结构，作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词。Computation offloading is a method of saving energy and time on resource-constrained mobile devices by executing some tasks on the cloud. saving energy and time on mobile devices of which the resource is constraineda man-made satellite 一颗人造卫星 a satellite which/that has been made by manmotor-driven equipment 电动机驱动的设备 equipment which/that is driven by a motor 3.2 3.2 单个过去分词只作后置定语单个过去分词只作后置定语 当强调过去分词所表示的动作概念时，通常将单个过去分词后置，这时其具有