Unit4-5知识梳理

1、Unit 4一、知识点 1. if 引导的非真实性条件状语从句 即 虚拟语气 通过动词形式的变化来表示说话人对发生的动作或存在的状态所持的态度或看法的动词形式称为语气，虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种祝愿，建议或是与事实相反的假设等。 If 引导的条件状语从句分为真实和非真实条件句，非真实条件句应用虚拟语气。如果要表示与现在或将来事实相反时，其虚拟语气结构为：句 型条件从句主 句谓语动词形式动词过去式(be动词一律用were)would+动词原形 即：(从句)if +主语+动词过去式(be 动词用were), 一般过去时(主句) 主语+would+动词原形 ，过去将来时 如：If

2、I had time, I would go for a walk.如果我有时间，我就会去散步。(事实上我现在没有时间) If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 假如我是你的话，我会带上雨伞。(事实上我不是你)I would say no if someone asked me to be in a movie. 假如有人请我当电影演员，我会表示拒绝。(事实上瑞没有人请我当电影演员)2. pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 I pretended to sleep just now. pretend to be doing sth. 假装

3、正在干某事 The students pretended to be writing when the teacher came in. pretend +从句 假装 I pretended that I fell asleep. 3. be late for 迟到 如： I am late for work/ school/ class/ party.4. a few 与 a little 的区别，few 与 little 的区别 a few 一些 修饰可数名词 a little 一些 修饰不可数名词 两者表肯定意义 如：He has a few friends. 他有一些朋友。 There

4、 is a little sugar in the bottle. 在瓶子里有一些糖。 few 少数的 修饰可数名词 little 少数的修饰不可数名词 但两者表否定意义 如：He has few friends. 他没有几个朋友。 There is little sugar in the bottle.在瓶子里没有多少糖。5. hundred, thousand , million, billion (十亿)词前面有数词或several 一词时要不能加s ，反之，则要加s 并与of 连用， 表示数量很多 如：several hundred/ thousand/ million/ billio

5、n people 几百/千/百万/十亿人 hundreds of trees 上百棵树8. what if + 从句 如果怎么办 ， 要是 又怎么样 如： What if she doesnt come? 要是她不来怎么办？ What if LiLei knows? 如果李雷知道了怎么办？What if.=What would (will) .you do if ?9. add sth. to sth. 添加到 如： I added some sugar to water. 我把糖添加到水里。10. 系动词与形容词连用 get nervous 变得紧张 feel shy 觉得害羞 look f

6、riendly 看起来友好11. too +形/副+to do sth. 太而不能 如 Im too tired to stand. 我太累了而不能站。12. help with sth. 如：They help with this problem. help sb. do. 如：They help you relax. 他们帮助你放松13. in public 在公共场所 如:Dont smoke in public. 请不要在公共场所吸烟。14. energetic adj. 活力的 如：She is a energetic girl. 她是一个活力的女孩。 energy n. 活力 如：

7、She has lots of energies. 她有活力。15. ask sb. to do 叫做某事 ask sb. not to do sth.叫不要做某事 tell sb. to do 告诉做某事 tell sb. not to do sth. 告诉不要做某事如：Teacher asked me to clean the classroom. Teacher asked me not to clean the classroom.16. start doing = start to do. 开始做某事 如： He started speaking/ to speak. 他开始说话。1

8、7. borrow sth. from sb. 从某人那里借来某物 如： I borrowed a book from Lily. 我从莉莉那里借来一本书。 Lend .to.把某物借给某人18.wait for sb.等某人 如：I am wait for him. 我正在等他。wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事19. introduce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍如：I introduced Lily to Anna. 我把莉莉介绍给安娜。 20. invite sb. to do 邀请某人做某事 如：

9、Lily invited me to go to her home for supper. 莉莉邀请我去她家吃晚饭。21. have dinner/ supper 吃晚饭 have lunch/ breakfast 吃午餐、吃早餐22. plenty of 修饰不可数名词，也可以修饰可数名词 许多 如： They have plenty of food/ apples. 他们有许多的食物/苹果。23. 给某人某物 give sth. to sb. 如： give an apple to me give sb. sth. give me an apple 给我一个苹果类似接to 的动词有，bri

10、ng,pass,show,send,lend,write ,introduce,offer24. get along (with)=get on (with) 进行，进展The business is getting along very well. 生意进展的很顺利。 How are you getting along with your English study?你的英语学习进展的怎么样了？相处 Do you get along with your boss?= Do you and your boss get along? 你跟老板合得来吗？Im getting along very

11、well with my classmates. 我和同学们相处得很好。25. would rather than （= would rather than）宁愿，而不愿。前后连接两个动词原形，否定形式为：would rather not do sthwould rather than = prefer to 但prefer to 若连接两个动词，动词应为v-ing 形式。He would rather jog than play football.=He prefers jogging to playing football. would rather 常单独使用，表示“宁愿做”He wou

12、ld rather watch TV at home.rather than = instead of 而不是（连接两个并列成分，前后对称）。Id prefer to go to in summer rather than in winter. I decided to write rather than telephone. I like going out with you rather than with him. She enjoys listening rather than speaking.25. in fact 事实上26. let sb. down 让某人失望 如： Dont

13、 let your mother down. 不要让你的妈妈失望。27. come up with sth. 提出 想出 如：He came up with a good idea. 他提出了一个好主意。 catch up with sb. 追上 赶上 如：Lily caught up with Anna. 莉莉赶上了安娜。28. have experience (in) doing 在做某事有经验 如： I have experience teaching Chinese. 我在教英语方面有经验。29. come out 出版（主语是书籍），出来 =publish出版（主语是人） 如：The

14、 magazine comes out once a week. 这种杂志每周出一次。Last month ,he published his new book.上个月他出版了他的新书。30. by accident 偶然地，无意之中 如：Last week I cut my finger by accident. 上个星期我不小心割到自己的手指。31. hurry to do 匆忙 I hurry to call the police. 32. more than=over 超过34. offer 提供 offer sb sth =offer sth. to sb.给某人某物 offer t

15、o do sth 主动提出干35. buy sb sth=buy sth for sb 类似的词还有:make、draw、cook等36.look for寻找find找到、发现find out指经过观察、探索、调查等弄清楚、弄明白。discover 指发现那些客观存在而不为人所知的实情。如科学上的重大发现。37.bring 带来 take 带走 fetch 去并拿来38.talk to/with sb 同某人说话。 tell 告诉, 分辨，辨别。speak to sb 同某人说话，做及物动词，后跟语言。say 后跟名词、代词及宾语从句做宾语，着重强调说话内容。39.What if 如果将会怎么

16、样？（引导条件状语从句、疑问句）What if she doesnt come? 她要是不来怎么办？ What if your parent dont agree? 如果你的父母不同意怎么办？What if you should fall sick? 如果你生病了怎么办？40.What does/do sb look like? 问相貌。Whats sb. like? 问“品质性格”。41.give a speech 做演讲 have a speech听演讲 give a report 做报告have a report 听报告42.permission (n.) 允许，许可 permit (v

17、.) 允许 without permission 未经许可, ask sbs permission请求某人的允许43.plenty of 充足的，相当多的。修饰可数或不可数名词，只能用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中用 enough.44.notin the slightest=notat all 根本不45.a little = a bit 修饰形容词、副词 a little = a bit of 修饰不可数名词46.the rest 其余的，可指代可数或不可数名词。The other(s) 只能指代可数名词宾语从句 ：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。 由连接词+ 主语+ 谓语构成 常由下面的一些词

18、引导： 由that 引导 表示陈述意义 that 可省略 He says (that) he is at home. 他说他在家里。 由if , whether 引导 表示 一般疑问意义(带有是否、已否、对否等) I dont know if / whether Wei Hua likes fish. 我不知道韦华是否喜欢鱼。 由 连接代词、连接副词(疑问词) 引导 表示特殊疑问意义 Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗？ 从句时态要与主句一致 当主句是一般现在时，从句根据情况使用任何时态 He says (that ) he is at h

19、ome. 他说他在家里。 I dont know (that) she is singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。She wants to know if I have finished my homework. 她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。 Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？ 当主句是一般过去时，从句应使用过去某时态(一般过去时,过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时) He said (that) he was at home. 他说他在家里。 I didnt know that she was singing no

20、w. 我不知道她正在唱歌。She wanted to know if I had finished m homework. 她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。Did you know when he would be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？二、短语1、give it to charity 把它捐给慈善机构 put it in the bank 把它存入银行2、medical research 医学研究3、What if 如果怎么样？ 4、get nervous 紧张5、take a big exam 参加大考 6、help with 有助于7、in public 在公共场合

21、8、hardly ever 几乎不9、the whole school 全校 10、without permission 为经许可11、be(make) friends with 与交朋友 12、ask ones permission 请求的允许13、introduceto 把介绍给 14、inviteto do 邀请干15、social situations 社会环境 16、not in the slightest 根本不，一点也不 17、right away 立刻，马上 18、all day 全天19、be friendly to 对友好= be good to sb. , be kind

22、 to sb. 20、at lunch time 在午饭时间21、a bit shy 有点害羞 22、English speech contest 英语演讲比赛23、represent the class 代表班级 24、come top 名列第一（前茅）25、let down 使失望 26、come up with 提出、想出27、be sure of + n./pron. be sure to do 相信 be sure +that 从句 28、the rest of the students 其余的学生29、have a lot of experience (in) doing sth

23、在做某事方面有经验30、deal with 对付，处理 =do with 31、come out 出版32、give advice on 在方面提出意见、建议 33、by accident 偶然地，无意之中34、hurry to do sth 匆匆忙忙干 35、an internet friend 网友36、would rather . than.宁愿.而不愿37、plenty of 许多，大量的38、be /feel nervous doing 做某事感到紧张39、right away 立刻，马上40、be terrified of doing 害怕做.41、fall downstairs

24、摔下楼梯42、put the burned area under the running water 把受伤区域放在流动的水下冲洗。43、the danger of doing 做. 的危险性44、 hide medicine from children 把要藏到远离孩子们的地方45、offer sth to sb. =offer sb. sth.给某人提供某物。offer to do sth. 主动提出做.三、句子1.He doesnt know if he should bring a present. 他不知道是否该带礼物。2.You shouldnt worry about what

25、other people say.你不应该考虑别人说什么。3.What will you do if you had a million dollars? 如果你有一百万美元，你会干什么？4.If I were you, I d take a small present.如果我是你，我会带一个小礼物。5.Im too tired to do well.我太累了，没考好。6.Dogs can be a lot of trouble.狗会带来很多麻烦。7.What are you like? 你是什么样的人？8.Id invite him/her to have dinner at my hous

26、e.我会邀请他（她）到我家吃饭。9.You enjoy the company of other people.你喜欢别人的陪伴。10. I feel nervous talking in front of many people.我在众人面前讲话时感到紧张。11.She always comes top in the school exams.她在学校的考试中总是名列前茅。12.She doesnt want to let her friends down.她不愿让朋友失望。13.If I were you, Ill get out of here.如果我是你，我会离开这里。从句谓语动词形式

27、主句谓语动词形式Had+过去分词Should/would/could/might+have+过去分词虚拟语气一、词的语气指我们平常说的说话人说话的口气。（在英语中，语气除了指语调以外，最主要的是通过动词发生变化而表示不同语气）英语中的语气分为三类：陈述语气（用于陈述句、疑问句、感叹句）祈使语气（用于祈使句） 虚拟语气（用于条件状语从句、宾语从句等）二、虚拟语气如果所说的不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想，就用虚拟语气。三、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句 eg If he doesnt hurry up, he will mis

28、s the bus.( 真实条件状语) If he was free, he asked me to tell stories.（真实条件状语）If I were you, I would go at once.（非真实条件状语从句）If there was no air, people would die.（非真实条件状语从句）2、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法及动词形式 表示与现在事实相反的情况 If I were you, Id take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you

29、. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) If I had any money with me, I could lend you some.如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱） If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他在努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：学习不用功）从句例句主句 wereIf+主

30、语 didwere to do (通常与一个表示时间状语连用)其 中were to do可能性最小，should+动词原形。 If it rained tomorrow our picnic would be put off.假如那天下雨，我们的郊游就推迟。主句+should/would /might /could+动词原形 表示与过去事实相反的情况从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式Had+过去分词Should/would/could/might+have+过去分词eg If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her.如果我早到那儿

31、，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 表示对将来情况的主观推测（可能相反或可能性很小）eg: If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小） If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.

32、如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了，（事实：不知能否下雪）If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事得始末。四、虚拟语气的其他用法1、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式eg: I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你)b、表示过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+v-edeg: I wish I had known the truth of the m

33、atter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。（事实：原来不知道）c、表示将来难以实现的愿望谓语动词：should/would + 动词原形eg: I wish I should have a chance again.很难再有这样的机会了。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了）虚拟语气用在suggest(建议)、insist(坚持)、demand(要求)、order(命令)等动词后的宾语从句中。在这种用法中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。如 He suggested He insisted He demand that we (shou

34、ld) take the teachers advice He orderedUnit 5一、知识点：1.情态动词must, may , might, could, may , cant表示推测含义与用法后面都接动词原形，都可以表示对现在情况的揣测和推断但他们 含义有所不同 must 一定 肯定 (100%的可能性) may, might, could有可能，也许 (20%80%的可能性) cant 不可能，不会 (可能性几乎为零) The dictionary must be mine. It has my name on it. The CD might/could/may belong

35、to Tony because he likes listening to pop music. The hair band cant be Bobs. After all, he is boy!2. whose 谁的疑问词作定语后面接名词如：Whose book is this? This is Lilys.3. belong to sb. （宾格 ） 属于=be sbs（名词所有格或名词性物主代词）如： That English book belongs to me.=That English book is mine.4. 当play 指弹奏乐器时，常在乐器前用定冠词如：play the

36、 guitar play the piano play the violin当play 指进行球类运动时，则不用定冠词如： play football play basketball play baseball5. if引导的条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时代替将来时(主将从现)如：If you dont hurry up, youll be late.如果你不快点，你将会迟到6. if you have any idea= if you know 如果你知道7. on关于（学术，科目）give sb. some advice on . 给某人关于.的建议8. try to d

37、o sth. 尝试做某事如：I try to climb the tree. 我尝试爬树。9. because of , because because of + 名词/代词/名词性短语 because +从句如：I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。 I had to move because of my job. 因为工作的原因我得搬家。10. own v.owner n. listen v.listener n. The ower of . 的主人11. catch a bus 赶公车catch 作“赶上”解时，主要是指“赶上汽车、火车等交通工具”

38、或“赶上看.节目”。如：You must run if you want to catch the bus.If we go home now,we might catch the 10:00 news.catch up with除了“追赶上同一方向行进的人之外，也可以用于抽象意义上的“赶上；赶上.的水平”。如：You walk on ahead,I shall soon catch up with you . After being out school so long,she had to work hard in order to catch up with the others. ca

39、tch up赶上（工作进度）；叙旧（即互相补上个人情况),用法与catch up with相近。catch和catch up和catch up with后均跟人或物。12. neighbor 邻居指人 neighborhood 邻居指地区也可指附近地区的人in the neighbor 在附近、周围13. local 当地的如：local teacher 当地的教师14. noise n. 噪音是个可数名词noises 15. call the police 报警如：Quick! Call the police! 快！叫警察！16. anything strange 一些奇怪的东西当形容词修饰

40、something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时，放在这些词的后面17. there be sb./ sth. doing 如：There is a cat eating fish. There must be something visiting our home.18. escape from 从哪里逃跑出来如： He escaped from the burning building. 他从燃烧的大概中逃出来。19. an ocean of + 名词.的海洋 20. unhappy 不高兴的反义词 happy 高兴的 类似：healthy -

41、unhealthy21. final adj. 最后的finally adv. 最后地22. dishonest 不诚实的反义词 honest 诚实的。23. get on 上车 get off 下车24. use up 用光、用完如：They have used up all the money. 他们已经用完了所有的钱。25. attempt to do 试图如：The boys attempted to leave for Beijing. 男孩子们试图想去北京。26. wake 动词唤醒常用的词组：wake up sb.(代词时放于两者之间)唤醒某人如：Please wake me u

42、p at 8 oclock.请在8点钟叫醒我。27. look for 寻找指过程 find 找指结果如：I am looking for a pen. 我正在找一支笔。（指找的过程）I found my pen just now. 我刚刚找到了我的笔。（指找的结果）28. hear 听指听的结果 listen 听 指听的过程如：Did you hear ? 你听到了吗？（指听的结果，听或没听到）I often listen to the music. 我经常听音乐。（指听的过程）29. try ones best to do sth. 尽某人的最大努力去做某事如：He tried his b

43、est to run. 他尽他的最大努力去跑。30. 名词所有格 名词所有格的构成有两种形式是在名词后面加 s 或是以s结尾 的名词，只在名词的后面加 如：Anns book安的书, our teachers office我们老师们的办公室 注：双方共有的所有格，只在后面一个名词加s,如：Lily and Lucys father 莉莉和露西的爸爸（她们的爸爸是同一个人）有of 介词短语表示无生命东西的所有格如： a picture of my family 我家人的相片有时也有s表示无生命的东西的所有格如：todays newspaper,the citys name 31、happen指偶

44、然的发生；take place用于计划好的事情或自然的发生；（二者无被动语态）happen to do sth碰巧干某事. happen to sb.某人发生了什么事32、raise reiz 及物动词 举起、提高 ；募捐 用外力升起，如升旗rise（不及物动词）上升。自然升起，如价格上涨，日出等。 Raise the money for charity. Raise the Five-red-star flag33、hope to do sth；hope that从句。 wish to do sth；wish sb to do sth；wish that从句。34、however与but：（

45、1）从语义上看，but所表示的是很明显的对比、转折。（2）从语法上看，but是并列连词，however是个副词。（3）从语序上看，but总位于所引导的句首，however可放在句首、句中、句尾。（4）从标点上看，but之后没有逗号，however之前、之后短语用逗号隔开。在完成时态由have/ has 过去分词表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果常与already, just , yet , ever, never 连用Have you finished your work yet？你完成了你的工作了吗？Yes, I have. I have just finished it

46、.是的。我刚刚完成了。I have already finished it .我已经完成了。Have you ever been to China?你曾经去过中国吗？No, I have never been there.没有，我从来也没有去过。表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状态连用如：（for + 时间段，since + 时间点，或过去某一动作， 以及how long ）注： 非延续性动词在现在完成 时态中不能和for, since 引导的表示一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。应转为相应的延续性动词 如：buy- have die-

47、 be dead join - be in borrow- keep leave- be away I have bought a pen.- I have had a pen for 2 weeks.The dog has died.- The dog has been dead since last week.have (has) been to + 地点 去过某地 已经回来have (has) gone to + 地点 去了某地 没有回来have been in + 地点 一直呆在某地 没有离开过 如：She has been to Shanghai. 她去过上海。(已经回来)She h

48、as gone to Shanghai. 她去了上海。(没有回来)She has been in Shanghai for 2 days.她呆上海两天了。(没有离开过上海) 35、author与writer：author单纯制作者或作品；writer的意思较多，有“作者、抄写员”等。36、drop：（1） vt.(及物动词)意思是（有意或无意）让掉下来、投下；放弃、不再干。例：She dropped the teapot. He dropped it into the mail-box. I want to drop math.（2）vi.(不及物动词)意思是掉下、落下；下降、降低（可与fal

49、l互换），例：The man dropped from the top of the building.The temperature has suddenly dropped. Prices dropped.（3）n.(可数)滴、点滴， a few drops of rain几滴雨36、too much太多,后接不可数名词too many 太多后接可数名词 much too实在太后接形容词37、garbage、rubbish、junk和waste：（1）garbage废料、垃圾；（厨房倒弃的）剩饭、剩菜。（2）rubbish=trash垃圾，普通用语，指各种垃圾，英国人常用rubbish,美

50、国人常用trash.（3）junk破烂物，指废铁、破布等，现在用来指使人发胖的食物。（4）waste废物，指工厂排出的废水、废气或家庭垃圾等。38、at可表示“再某场合”如：at the meeting/party39、hope to do sth；hope that从句 wish to do sth；wish sb to do sth；wish that从句。40、however与but：（1）从语义上看，but所表示的是很明显的对比、转折。（2）从语法上看，but是并列连词，however是个副词。（3）从语序上看，but总位于所引导的句首，however可放在句首、句中、句尾。（4）从标

51、点上看，but之后没有逗号，however之前、之后短语用逗号隔开。二、短语：1、be long to sb. (宾格) 属于=be sbs(名词性物主代词) 2、listen to classical music听古典音乐 3、at school上学、求学、在学校 4、go to the concert去听音乐会 5、have any/some idea知道=know have no idea不知道6、 the only one 唯一的人7、the final exam期末考试 8、because of因为 9、a present for his mother送给她妈妈的礼物 10、run

52、for exercise跑步锻炼 11、wear a suit穿西装12、make a movie拍电影13、in our neighborhood在我们附近、在我们小区14、have fun玩耍、取闹15、his or her own idea她（他）自己的看法16、late night深夜17、an ocean of许许多多、无穷无尽的 an ocean of paper 一个试卷的海洋。 18、be care of=look out当心、小心19、pretend to do sth假装干20、use up用完、用光 make up 组成21、catch the bus(train,pla

53、ne.boat) 赶车 catch up with sb 赶上某人22、a present for his mother 送给她妈妈的礼物 23、be anxious (about) 焦虑，担心.24、a strange creature 一个奇怪的生命25、 late night深夜三、句子：1、If you have any idea where might be please call me.如果你知道它可能在哪，请打电话给我。2、Its crucial that I study for it because it counts 30%to the final exam.关键是我必须学，因为它占期末考试的30%。3、What do you think “anxious” means?你认为“anxious”是什么