机器视觉大作业2

1、江苏大学（机器视觉）大作业报告题 目： 图像增强 专 业： 测控技术与仪器 班 级： 1202 学 号： 学生姓名： 完成时间： 2015年6月 说 明大作业的要求和内容： 一、 内容要求 对机器视觉中所用的某一技术进行综述，必须用英文书写。二、 格式要求 参照报告样例格式。三、 评分依据 书写内容是否详尽到位 50% 语言方面是否通顺，有无错误 20% 对应PPT制作的好坏 10% 英文演讲的好坏 20%四、 其他说明大作业务必独立完成，一经发现雷同作“0”分处理。教师小结：成绩： 教 师 签 名： 目录1 The introduction52 The research status at

2、home and abroad73 Key technology (method) is introduced114 conclusion13参考文献15图像增强技术（江苏大学机械工程学院仪器科学与工程系，江苏，镇江，212013）摘要：图像增强技术是增强图像中的有用信息，它可以是一个失真的过程，其目的是要改善图像的视觉效果，针对给定图像的应用场合，有目的地强调图像的整体或局部特性，将原来不清晰的图像变得清晰或强调某些感兴趣的特征，扩大图像中不同物体特征之间的差别，抑制不感兴趣的特征，使之改善图像质量、丰富信息量，加强图像判读和识别效果，满足某些特殊分析的需要。本文就图像增强技术的分类、基本方

3、法以及国内外发展状况做一些简单的介绍。关键词：图像增强；视觉效果；图像质量Image enhancementAbstract: Image enhanced technology,a process of distortion, is the useful information to enhanced image,whose purposes is to improved the Visual effect of the image.According to the given application occasions of the imagine, to stressed the ove

4、rall or local characteristics of the imagine. It will turn the originally blur image into clear or stressed some features of intrest, expanded the gap in different objects features of the image, inhibit the features that are not interest, to improved the image quality, and rich its information, stre

5、ngthened images effect of interpretation and recognition, to meet some special needs of analysis. This article simply introduced the categories of the image enhancement technologies, the basic methods and the developments at home and abroad.Keywords: Image enhancement; Visual effects; Image quality1

6、 The introductionIn general, the image transmission and conversion, such as imaging, replication, scanning, transmission and display, etc., often cause the image quality decline, that is, image distortion. In photography due to the light illumination is insufficient or excessive, will make the image

7、 is too dark or too bright; optical system distortion, relative motion, air flow will make the image fuzzy, transmission will introduce various types of noise. In short, the image of the image in the visual effect and identification of the convenience and other aspects may exist many problems, such

8、problems might as well collectively referred to as quality issues. Image enhancement is based on the specific need to highlight the important information in the image, while weakening or removing the need for information. Images obtained from different ways, through appropriate enhancement, the orig

9、inally smudgy even unable to distinguish the original image into clear contains a lot of useful information can use the image and effectively remove image noise, enhance image edges or other interested regional and thus easier to image in the target detection and measurement. Whether the image is ke

10、pt undisturbed or not is irrelevant, and will not be conscious of the images authenticity because of the ideal form of the image. The purpose of the image enhancement is to enhance the visual effect of the image, and convert the original image into a form that is more suitable for the observation of

11、 human eyes and computer analysis. It is generally based on the visual characteristics of the human eye, to obtain the visual effect of the visual effect, and seldom involves the objective and uniform evaluation criteria. The effect of the enhancement is usually related with the concrete images, and

12、 it is evaluated by the subjective feeling of the person.目前图像增强处理的应用已经渗透到医学诊断、航空航天、军事侦察、指纹识别、无损探伤、卫星图片的处理等领域。如对x射线图片、CT影像、内窥镜图像进行增强，使医生更容易从中确定病变区域，从图像细节区域中发现问题；对不同时间拍摄的同一地区的遥感图片进行增强处理，侦查是否有敌人军事调动或军事装备及建筑出现；在煤矿工业电视系统中采用增强处理来提高工业电视图像的清晰度，克服因光线不足、灰尘等原因带来的图像模糊、偏差等现象，减少电视系统维护的工作量。图像增强技术的快速发展同它的广泛应用是分不开的，

13、发展的动力来自稳定涌现的新的应用，我们可以预料，在未来社会中图像增强技术将会发挥更为重要的作用。At present, the application of image enhancement has been penetrated into the medical diagnosis, aviation, military reconnaissance, fingerprint identification, non-destructive testing, satellite image processing and other fields. Such as X-ray images,

14、CT and endoscopic mirror image enhancement, allow doctors to more easily identify the lesion area, from the details of the image region finding problem, taken at different times on the same area of remote sensing image enhancement processing to detect whether the enemy troop movements or military eq

15、uipment and building; in coal mine industrial TV system with enhanced processing to improve the clarity of industrial TV image, overcome due to the lack of light, dust and other reasons caused by image fuzzy and deviation, reduce TV system maintenance workload. Image enhancement technology rapid dev

16、elopment with its wide application is inseparable, the motive force of the development from the emergence of stable new application, we can expect, in the future society image enhancement technology will play a more important role. 2 The research status at home and abroadPictures for the first time

17、in the 1920 s through the cable from London to New York. People at that time through the character simulation to get the middle value method to restore the image. Early image enhancement technology often involves hardware parameters Settings, such as the choice of printing process and the distributi

18、on of brightness level. At the end of 1921, this paper proposes a new technology based on optical reduction. During this period due to the introduction of a coded modulation beam images to convey to adjust the degree of photographic film, the grey level grayscale increased from 5 to 15 grey scale, t

19、his method obviously improved the effect of image restoration. To the early 1960 s first can perform tasks of large computer digital image processing, it marks the use of computer technology the advent of the era of digital image processing. In 1964, researchers at the jet propulsion laboratory (JPL

20、) in the use of computers and other hardware devices, using geometric correction, gray level transformation, noise, such as Fourier transform and 2-d linear filtering enhancement method for space probe prowler 7 back to thousands of Zhang Yueqiu photo processing, at the same time they also consider

21、the influence of the sun and the moon environment, finally succeeded in mapping out the map on the surface of the moon. Then they for 1965 years prowler 8 tens of thousands of photos in the back to earth more complex digital image processing, further improve the image quality. These achievements not

22、 only attract the attention of the world many relevant parties and JPL itself also pay more attention to the digital image processing research and improvement of the equipment, and set up the image processing laboratory IPL. Success in the IPL for the hundreds of thousands of photos to spacecraft to

23、 send back the more complicated image processing, finally obtained the topography of the moon, color chart, and panoramic Mosaic. From the digital image enhancement technology into the field of aeronautics and astronautics. In the late 1960 s and early 1970 s some scholars began to image enhancement

24、 technique for medical image, the earth remote sensing monitoring and astronomy, and other fields. X ray is one of the earliest used in imaging of the electromagnetic radiation sources, X-ray by roentgen discovered in 1895. Mr Godfrey n. 1970 s Hounsfield and Allan m. Cormack invented the computer,

25、a professor at axial tomography (ct) technology: a detector around the patient, and X-ray source rotate around the object. X-rays through the body and by the corresponding detector are collected on the other side of the ring. Its principle is to use the data of perception to slice image reconstructi

26、on. When objects along the perpendicular to the direction of the detector will produce a series of slices, the section of the internal representation of the object. In the 1980 s, the development of a variety of hardware that makes people not only can deal with 2 d images, and start dealing with thr

27、ee-dimensional images. Many can obtain three-dimensional images of three-dimensional image processing equipment and analysis of the system has been successfully developed, the image processing technology has been widely used. Into the 1990 s, the image enhancement technology has gradually involved i

28、n all aspects of human life and social development. A computer program used to enhance the contrast or brightness coding for color, in order to explain X rays, and used in industrial, medical and biological sciences in areas such as other images. Geography with the same or similar technology researc

29、h pollution mode from the aviation and satellite images. In the field of archaeology fuzzy images using image processing method has been successfully recovered. In the field of physics and related computer technology can enhance experiment in the field of high energy plasma and electron microscope i

30、mages. Histogram equalization processing is one of the commonly used methods for image enhancement technology. Kim, 1997, if you want to image enhancement technique used in digital cameras and other electronic products, then the algorithm must maintain the brightness of the image features. In the ar

31、ticle, Kim keep brightness characteristics of histogram equalization algorithm was presented (BBHE). Kim, the improved algorithm is raised, caused the attention of many scholars. In 1999, Wan subgraph two-dimensional histogram equalization algorithm is put forward by (DSIHE). Then, Chen and Ramli mi

32、nimum mean square error (MMBEBHE) double histogram equalization algorithm. In order to keep the image features, many scholars to study local enhancement processing technology, many of the new algorithm is proposed: recursion average stratified balanced treatment (RMSHE), recursive subgraph equalizat

33、ion algorithm (RSIHE), dynamic histogram equalization algorithm (DHE), maintain brightness characteristics dynamic histogram equalization algorithm (BPDHE), multi-layer histogram equalization algorithm (MHE), brightness to keep clusters of histogram equalization processing (BPWCHE) and so on. In rel

34、atively mature theoretical system and draw lessons from foreign technology under the conditions of application system, enhancement technique and application of domestic also had the very big development. In general, image enhancement technology in the development of its initial stage, development, p

35、opularization and application of four stages. Early-stage began in the 1960 s, when the image in pixels type raster scan display, in the USES mostly, mainframe to deal with it. During this period due to image storage cost is high, the processing equipment cost is high, thus its application is very n

36、arrow. The entered the period of 1970 s, is used in great quantities in the mainframe processing, image processing is gradually convert raster scan display mode, especially in the CT and satellite remote sensing image, the image enhancement processing put forward a higher request. In the 1980 s, ima

37、ge enhancement technology into the popularization period, the computer has been able to to undertake the task of image processing. Entered the application period in the 1990 s, people use digital image enhancement technology processing and analysis of remote sensing images, in order to effectively r

38、esources and mineral resources exploration, investigation, agricultural and urban land planning, crop yield estimation, weather forecast and disaster monitoring and military targets, etc. In biomedical engineering, and using image enhancement technique of X-ray images, ultrasound images, and biologi

39、cal section microscopic image processing, such as to improve image clarity and resolution. In industrial and engineering, mainly used in nondestructive flaw detection, automatic quality inspection and process control, etc. In public security, portraits, processing and identification of fingerprints

40、and other trace, and traffic monitoring, accident analysis using image enhancement technology in different extent. Image enhancement is an important part of image processing, the traditional image enhancement method plays a very important role to improve image quality. With the deepening of the rese

41、arch of image technology and development, a new image enhancement method appear constantly. For example, some scholars will be introduced to the theory of fuzzy mapping image enhancement algorithms, including fuzzy relaxation, fuzzy entropy is proposed, fuzzy enhancement algorithm to solve the probl

42、em of enhancement algorithm of mapping function selection, and with the application of interactive image enhancement technology, can control the subjective image enhancement effect. And image enhancement using histogram equalization technology has many new progress, such as multilayer histogram comb

43、ined with a balanced of brightness algorithm is proposed, dynamic hierarchical histogram equalization algorithm. These algorithms by image segmentation, and then in the sub-layer do balance in image processing, better solve the contrast through stretching problem in the process of histogram equaliza

44、tion, and it can control sub-layer gray mapping scope, strengthen effect is better. 3 Key technology (method) is introducedImage enhancement can be divided into two categories: frequency domain and spatial domain method. The former the image as a two-dimensional signal, based on the two-dimensional

45、Fourier transform to signal enhancement. Using low pass filter (that is, only through low frequency signal) method, can get rid of the noise in the graph; Using the high-pass filtering method, can enhance the high frequency signal, such as the edge, the fuzzy image becomes clear. The latter is the t

46、ypical algorithms in spatial domain method with local averaging method and median filter (in the middle of the field of local pixels) method and so on, they can be used to remove or less noise. Image enhancement method is to through certain means for additional information or to transform of the ima

47、ge data, particularly interested in the image features or selectively inhibit (hide) the image features, some dont need to match the images and visual response. In the process of image enhancement, not this paper analyzes the reasons of images is qualitative, not necessarily close to the original im

48、age after processing. Image enhancement technology based on the enhanced processing in space is different, can be divided into the airspace based algorithm and based on frequency domain algorithm two kinds big. Based on the algorithm of the airspace to handle directly do arithmetic of image grayscal

49、e, based on the algorithm of frequency domain is in a transform domain of the image to some correction, image transform coefficient value is a kind of indirect enhancement algorithm. Algorithm based on airspace is divided into the neighborhood denoising arithmetic algorithm and algorithm. Algorithm

50、namely grayscale correction arithmetic, such as gray transform and histogram modification, purpose or for uniform image imaging, or expand the dynamic range image, expand the contrast. Neighborhood enhancement algorithm into image smoothing and sharpening two kinds. Smooth generally used to eliminat

51、e image noise, but also easy to cause the edge of the fuzzy. Commonly used algorithm with average filtering and median filtering. Sharpen the purpose is to highlight the edge contour of the object, is advantageous for the target identification. Commonly used algorithm with gradient method, operator,

52、 high-pass filtering, mask matching method, statistical difference method, etc. 4 conclusionOf image enhancement technology is introduced, through this homework, made me more solid grasp the related knowledge of machine vision, while in the process of finish this assignment have a few problems, but