完整版)建筑学毕业设计外文翻译

1、皖西学院毕业设计翻译论文（2010 届）翻译（论文）题目玻璃纤维时代的来临学院名称建筑与土木工程学专业（班级）建筑学 （0801班）指导教师欧军珺 朱珊珊玻璃纤维时代的来临超耐用的框架使如今的窗户可持续发展、高能源效率及美观过去木制窗户几乎无处不在，但随着技术的进步，产生了一系列有更 好的替代品。在1980年代后期的开发中，为满足更高性能和更低维护的 需求，玻璃纤在2005年至2009 年,经济从高峰到低谷的经济不景气时期， 对窗户种类的需求下降了惊人的44.8%，但与此同时玻璃纤维窗户种类增长了近一倍，市场份额从 1.6%的达到3.1%。随着全球的建筑运动带动对 可持续产品的全生命周期低消耗

2、的需求越来越多，预计市场份额到2013年将达到4.3%。随着越来越多的主流门窗制造商为了建筑的新建或改建， 引入建筑玻璃纤维生产线，产品在一系列节能细节上越来越齐全，包括低 辐射氩填充中空玻璃及各种可单扇或双挂窗扇窗户及到多种复杂的可选择 配置的窗户。本文将讨论玻璃窗户的未来，并且对玻璃纤维窗户和其他材 料窗户提供了一个比较与分析。还包括将对指定相应的玻璃纤维窗户做专 门和设计考虑的总结。玻璃纤维窗户细节据G（个非盈利网站，其唯一的使命是鼓励用可持续材料精心打造建筑）的调查“在某些情况下，使用玻璃纤维作为窗 户结构材料，比其他材料更好，诸如木材，塑料或金属。

3、”作为一个相对 新生的产品，玻璃纤维窗框有很多类型。其中主要有全玻璃纤维结构，包含了传统的木结构的强度、稳定性和玻璃纤维低维护的特点。这些窗户使 用工业用的外观颜色，使之与传统涂色木窗类似。最近，制造商也引进了 一种窗户生产线，通过玻璃纤维的生产过程，其复杂轮廓的不仅满足窗户 外观需要的，而且与内部天然木材相结合。对家具的档次、洁净度、垂直 纹理的道格拉斯冷杉、红木或其他材料用钉子或短孔连接、电涂层表面光 洁度和内置系统，这一系列在细节上的把握，能提高能源效率和窗户使用 寿命。玻璃纤维：它是什么及它是怎样制作的？玻璃纤维是一种强化纤维的复合结构材料，而一般玻璃，只是由树脂 基体束缚在一起组成的

4、。不同于常见的用于水池、船只，及储存罐的玻璃 纤维，玻璃纤维框架通过电弧拉挤，在其中玻璃层和密封垫拉着巨大的力 量，通过树脂浴和一系列所需形状和材料的树脂模具相结合和促进的过程, 提供了高强度和抗扭强度。然后用这些尺寸稳定的玻璃纤维系列组装成窗 框，可以用绝缘泡沫和高性能低辐射中空玻璃釉面填充以获得更高的性能。 玻璃纤维窗框产生类似于乙烯基，但其中玻璃纤维是拉挤、或拉，乙烯则 是挤压或推通过模具创建一个类似的形状。框架材料特性窗户框架，差不多占了总窗户面积的百分之二十，是一个窗户的整体 性能的重要因素。木木材是一个现成的框架材料。满足房屋的强度要求，并且易加工，是 一种最常见的选择，木材是一种

5、天然的绝缘体，满足许多传统的家庭结构 形式。它可以直接漆上纯色，或者通过染色和包浆显现的木纹。因为实木门窗的一些重大的缺点，其逐渐被替换为其他的框架材料。 木结构外部需要大量的维护，经常涂刷和定期整修。需要打磨和油漆新表 皮。实木门窗也容易出现腐烂， 完整性则易受到破坏， 使其容易剥落掉色 虽然某些木窗的制造商将提供包壳。然而，一些包壳材料容易传导热量， 同时提供的色彩选择有限，并且不能涂色。除了由两种不同的材料扩张速 度引起的固有问题，所有的包壳木的下方易受到渗水损害，而水是背后的 包壳材料和腐烂木头渗漏的。木材的特性包括：?可自定义的颜色和设计?提供良好的绝缘能力?传统的外观风格适合许多家

6、庭风格?易腐烂，受水害?常需要维护乙烯乙烯基窗户价格低廉，耐用和节能，正确的设计可适当地减少热传 递。虽然 早期乙烯基窗户（因为与玻璃的热涨率不同，乙烯窗框会发生变形， 并造成泄漏热量），在炎热的环境中存在稳定与热膨胀问题，现在的乙烯 基窗户更耐用，尺寸稳定。乙烯窗框热焊接比机械连接更严密，从而提供 更好的抗温度应力。内部的拉筋加强了框架并提高其热性能。乙烯窗户主要材料是聚氯乙烯（pvc，这是几乎不需要维护的材料。乙烯框架不容易上色，往往以白色和各种中性色调，补充现有的许多设计 方案。因为是颜料易渗透的材料，划痕和钉痕是几乎不可能看到的。新技 术使一些乙烯窗户厂家生产出乙烯涂料，但是，他们只能

7、选择有限的颜色 和正确的涂料配方 ，以防止热量累积导致乙烯变形。各不相同的制造商和乙烯基化合物，使得乙烯基窗户质量参差不齐， 这只得用时间来鉴定它的性能。乙烯基添加剂配方有助于决定最终产品的 特色，如它所承受的天气环境，耐冲击性能等；例如，添加二氧化钛使得 产品更好适应于天气，防止其变黄了。乙烯基配方的差异，以及如何利用 乙烯基结构，将决定其结构强度和绝缘性能。乙烯的特性包括：?节能?耐用?非腐蚀?免维护?提供广泛的风格和形态?成本效益?易于安装表1一比较框架材料的物理性质属性单位乙烯铝材未断热桥铝材未断热桥玻璃纤维模Psi4.1 X1.1 X1.1 X 106.5 X 10量10510776

8、屈Psi8000350003500060000应力执八、单位温度0.1101401400.11传导热量系数膨单位温度29 X12.3 X12.3 X4.4 X 10胀系数变形系数10-610-610-66执八、。F135无无280变形温度UV无0.300.550.450.30系数*基于双低辐射（太阳低增益）窗户玻璃大小类似的窗户比较*最高几乎达到的性能的值的变化与纤维体积分数呈线性关系资料 1: Residential Windows: A Guide to NewTechnology and Energy Performance, SecondEdition, J. Carmody, s.

9、Selkowitz,& L. Heschong, Oct 2000.来源 2 : Principles of Polymer Engineering, McCrum, Buckley & Bucknail, OxfordUniversity Press, Oxnard 1990Source3 : Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Sixth Edition, D .Green, McGraw-Hill,New York铝由于其硬度，耐用性和精巧的框架，铝窗可以配置成丰富组合，最大 限度满足各种要求。铝窗只需低成本维护，不会生锈或腐烂。它们可以氧 化或烤漆。

10、在过去的铝窗的缺点是缺乏能源效率。铝容易传导热与冷。在 寒冷的天气，建筑物的热通过窗扇和框架渗出。现在有了质量更好的铝窗，使内部和外表面隔离的断桥处理，提高了能源效率。铝的特性包括：?扌寺久，可靠运行?坚固耐用?抗老化?宽视域?斯利姆框架补充现代建筑风格?耐用的工厂用的颜色玻璃纤维玻璃纤维曾在航海业和工业应用多年，只是在最近，制造商才按窗户设计的 要求生产复杂配置的零件。作为一个窗框材料，玻璃纤维因其强度、 耐用性和性能而闻名。它具有天然的耐化学性和防渗水、冷、热、虫、含 盐空气和污染物腐蚀， 具有很好的抗紫外线的侵蚀、 防潮、防腐、 抗氧化、 防锈，解决了所有的窗户和门的传统问题。 而木材，

11、 则一定程度上弱一些， 乙烯和铝合金窗，可因翘曲、轧制、开裂、弯曲和收缩导致问题，玻璃纤 维不具有脆性、易保持表面光洁度和最高的抗变形和扭曲的能力。纵观任 何气候环境中，玻璃纤维保持刚性、稳定、几乎免维护。不同于木材，玻 璃纤维不会干燥、肿胀、剥离或变形。强度 玻璃纤维是最结实的窗户材料，在专门的维护下它三倍强于铝 及九倍强于乙烯。据美国建筑制造商协会（ AAM）A ，玻璃纤维型材与钢有 大致相同的强度（抗张强度计算）。它的强度使玻璃纤维可以按大尺寸制 造，可安装无需另添支撑或加固的大面积玻璃，使得大型观景窗成为可能 并且能源效率高，高强重比 重量轻的玻璃纤维提供了一个高强重比，增加其对大型、

12、 复杂的轮廓采光适宜性的同时最大限度地提高效益和在恢复项目，加强修 复项目的历史准确性。罐头厂街酒店获得玻璃纤维窗帘 在加州的蒙特利克莱门特洲际酒店，开业于 2008年 5月，玻璃纤维窗 户产生了各种各样的好处。由两个四层建筑组成，它们之间用封闭的桥相 连。而桥跨越繁忙的旅游目的地罐头厂街上，酒店设有 208 间客房和 用天然木材，大理石和玻璃装饰的豪华套房。许多房间直接提供了海景， 部分客房更是可以直接看到蒙特利海湾全景。天井得推拉玻璃门，单悬和 图片窗户在多年使用中，承受侵蚀和充满水分的空气。它的目的是重新创 建罐头厂街地区的老式木头窗户复古流行的审美习惯。刚度 高弹性模量是指在玻璃窗户可

13、承受负荷造成的弯曲或变形，从 而在长期使用寿命中运行平稳。因为它是强大的和坚韧，玻璃纤维易于安 装。玻璃纤维窗户在安装过程中，保持方正及水平并且抵御变形和扭曲， 这是其他类型的窗户安装则存在一个常见问题。它非常结实，因此耐划伤、 凹痕和耐冲击，其强度是不受时间和温影响。适度热膨胀由于玻璃钢框架基本上是玻璃纤维和树脂，框架的扩张 和收缩很小，和玻璃本身伸缩比率差不多。如果有任何扩张和收缩，各组 件如同一个统一单位，不像大多数窗口和门的框架，会有一个不同的材料 界面：玻璃和木材，玻璃和铝材或玻璃和乙烯基。铝材的扩张和收缩率是 玻璃纤维的三倍之多，超过乙烯基七倍。玻璃纤维最小扩张和收缩，给封 条和密

14、封连接更小的压力，保持期间全天和季节温度的变化，从而减少了 可能的空气渗透，这是一个建筑的能源效率损失主要原因。玻璃纤维窗户的历史性的革新在波特兰，俄勒冈州，里德学院以都铎式的哥特式建筑和以森林峡谷 荒野保护为中心的面貌为特色。当学校的行政大楼进行了常规的升级与恢 复时，第一期包括200个窗户的更换。用双悬拉挤玻璃纤维框架进行改造 安装。因为需求超过窗户平常的高度线的限制，需要进行单位定制设计， 以符合历史的承袭。砖和花岗岩筋膜必须横跨中，顶层窗口的中心进行分 割。在内饰方面，清晰的垂直杉木纹理很容易与现有的进行匹配。玻璃纤 维窗户，也因为高能源效率和低环境影响的选择，取代单窗格双悬窗，因 为

15、它几乎没有隔热效果。伴随窗户是一个为期十年的商业保险。“这是一个理想的产品，是窗户行业中向下一代产品的自然过渡。这是一个值得期 待的、有许多不同的配置窗户。”总承包商格伦谢泼德指出。天然绝缘玻璃纤维是一种高级的绝缘体，因为它是从一个简单的用 玻璃基与拉钢筋束制成的聚合物。空气是被包裹在里面，也不会传导热或冷。因此，它的温度应保持恒定。由于玻璃纤维绝缘材料是如此有效，因为外面的温度不会影响的玻璃纤维窗户本身，不会形成凝结水。玻璃纤 维抗结露，有助于保持一个合适的湿度范围，限制了霉菌及霉菌的生长 低的热传导 玻璃纤维具有低 U 值，对能源效率的最终决定因素，有助于降低建设运行成本，增加人员舒适度。

16、用绝缘泡沫填充玻璃纤维框架 和用高效率的中空玻璃窗户大大增加了门窗性能和高效节能策略，包括被 动加热及冷却，高透光率大幅削减能源负荷，增加乘客的舒适度。装饰细节 玻璃纤维是可绘画的， 油漆对玻璃纤维具有优异的附着力， 如可容纳水和溶剂型丙烯酸漆和聚氨酯以及干粉或液体涂料。此外，可以 使用添加色素的树脂。低热量传导，以及玻璃纤维稳定的性能，也可以漆 涂各种深颜色。成本 玻璃纤维窗户的缺点一直是成本，价格比一般乙烯基窗高百分 之二十至百分之三十。其中一个关键的因素是复杂的拉挤成型过程，没有 制造乙烯基框或铝框过程快。然而，随着玻璃纤维制造商采用拉挤、模具 设计、制造和装配的进步工艺，大量的玻璃纤维

17、被越来越快地生产，并且 成本也相应下降。此外，玻璃纤维窗在一个玻璃窗户的前期成本可能高于 其他窗户类型，而其耐用性可能会随着时间的推移体现出更好的价值。Fiberglass Fenestration Comes into its OwnUltra-durable frames bring sustainability, energy efficiency and beauty to todayswindows.Provided by Milgard Windows & DoorsIt used to be that wood windows werevirtually ubiquitous,b

18、ut technological advances the late 1980s to meet demand for lower maintenance and nationwide. for all types of window units dropped a staggering 44.8 percent during the 2005 to 2009 peak-to-trough economic downturn, market share for fiberglass window units nearly doubled from 1.6 percent to 3.1 perc

19、ent. That share is expected to reach 4.3 percent in 2013 as the global green building movement spurs ever more demand for sustainable products with low life cycle costs. As more mainstream window and door manufacturers introduce fiberglass lines for new construction and replacement situations, produ

20、cts a full range of energy-efficient options including low-E argon-filled insulating glass units and in a variety of styles from casement to single- and double- offerings in fiberglass windows and provide a comparative analysis of fiberglass and other framing materials. Also covered will be code and

21、 design considerations in specifying an appropriate fiberglass windowFIBERGLASS WINDOW OPTIONSAccording to G, a non profit website whose sole mission is to encourage the creation of well-built buildings made with sustainable materials, using fiberglass for a window frame material i

22、s, in some cases, preferable to other window frame materials like wood, vinyl, or metal ” Arelatively young product, fiberglass window frames are available in several versionsChief among them are the all-fiberglass frame that combinesa traditional wood-frame profile with the strength, stability and

23、low maintenance characteristics of fiberglass. These windows resemble traditional painted wood windows with factory- applied exterior colors. Quite recently, manufacturers which the fiberglass production processenables complex profiles required for the look of painted wood windows on the exterior, c

24、ombined with a natural wood interior. Better options in this category feature furniture-grade, clear, vertical-grain Douglas fir, mahogany or other species on the interior unmarred by nail or staple systems to increase both energy efficiency and window longevity.FIBERGLASS: WHAT IS IT AND HOW IS IT

25、MADE?Fiberglass is a composite structural material that consistsof fiber reinforcements, typically glass, that are bound together in a resin matrix. Unlike common fiberglass used in pools, boats, and storage tanks, fiberglass frames are produced via pultrusion, a processin which glass rovings and ma

26、ts are pulled at tremendous force through a resin bath and a series of dies where the resin sets to the desired shape and the materials combine and catalyze to provide assembledinto window frames, which can be filled with foam insulation and glazed with important factor in windows total performance.

27、WoodWood is a readily available frame material, and the most commor choice for either be painted a solid color or stained and sealed to show off the wood grain.Some significant downsides to wood windowsa switch to other frame materials. Wood frames require considerable maintenance to the exterior, w

28、ith frequent touchups and occasional refurbishing, sanding and applying new coats of paint on a regular basis. Wood windows are also prone to rot, which can damage their integrity and make it difficult for the frames to conduct addition to the inherent problems caused by varying expansion rates of t

29、wo dissimilar materials, the wood beneath all cladding is susceptibleto water damage that seepsbehind the cladding material androts the wood.Woods characteristics include Available in custom colors and designs Providesexcellentinsulation Traditional look fits many be inexpensive, durable and energy-

30、efficient whendesigned properly to minimize thermal transfer. While early vinylwindows (the vinyl sash would expand or contract at a different rate from the glassand causeleaks) and stability in very vinyl windows are much more durable and dimensionallystable. Vinyl window frames with mechanically j

31、oined vinyl frames and thus provide better resistance to temperature stresses. Interior webs also strengthen the frame and improve its thermal performanceVinyl windows are made primarily from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) which is virtually maintenance-free. Vinyl frames cant easily be painted, but are o

32、ften available in white and various neutral colors that complement many design schemes. Because the color permeates the material, scratches and dings are nearly impossible to see. New technologies in order to prevent deformation of the vinyl due to of the vinyl compound, which will dictate its perfo

33、rmance over time. Each additive to a vinyl recipe the vinyl recipe used and performance.Vinyls characteristics include Energy-efficient Durable Non-corroding Maintenance-free Available in a wide range of styles and shapes Cost-effective.Easy-to-install Requires maintenanceStrength. Fiberglass provid

34、es the strongest window material, with experts maintaining it is some threetimes stronger than aluminum and nine times strongerthan vinyl. According to the American ArchitecturalManufacturers Association (AAMA), fiberglass profiles tensile strength). Its strength enables fiberglass to be fabricated

35、in large sizes, accommodating large expansesof glass without requiring added support or reinforcement, making large picture windows possible and energy-efficientHigh strength-to-weight ratio. lts light weight gives fiberglass a both maximizing daylighting and enhancing projects.Tablei Comparison of

36、Frame Material Physical PropertiesPropertyUnibVinyPAluminum (non- tti erm ally broken)Aluminum1 (non- thermally broken)FiberglassModulusPSI4.1x1Cf1.1 xlC71.1 x1(F6.5x1Cf_Yield StressPSI,00035,000曇060t000ThernnalConductivity (k)BTu/hp ft-T0.1101401400.11CoefficientofExpansionin/in.*F29x1012.3 x 1067.

37、3x104.4 x 106Heat DeflectionTemperature7B5NAN/A280U valueNone0300.550.45030*Baied on comparison of like-sized casement windows with double low-E (low solar gaing azing*Maxi mu m practically achievable properties - values vry I inertly with fiber volume fractionSoufce ” Residential Windows A Gutd? to

38、 i!ew Technology and Energy PerforrnancE, Second Edittoii 丄 Carmody, i 5t/kDkVjfz,& L HMthonq Oct moo.Scarce 3： frincip廊 cfPotyrnerErKiring, McCrum, Buckley & Gucitwf, OftfordUnwertHy Pkh, Cwid胡 卧 血曲血tai眄5td?f fifrtf的 0 Gw叫 MtCraw-Hi Mew ForkAluminumBecause of their rigidity, durability and narrow f

39、rames, aluminum windows can be configured into a wide variety of combinations that maximize views. Aluminum windows are low-maintenance options, and will not rust or rot. They are available with tough anodized or baked-on finishes. The downsideof aluminum windows in the past was the lack of energy e

40、fficiency. Aluminum readily conducts cold weather, a buildings Strong and durable Resists deterioration Narrow sight lines maximize view Slim frames complement modern architectural styles Durable factory-applied color optionsFiberglassUsed in marine and industrial applications for years, it is only

41、recently that manufacturers able to produce the complex profiles required for window designs. As a window frame material, fiberglass is known for its strength, durability and performance. It is inherently chemical-resistant and impervious to water, cold, due to ultraviolet rays, moisture, rot, oxida

42、tion, rust-all the traditional enemies of windows and doors. While wood, and to a lesserextent, vinyl and aluminum windows, can result in problems with warping, rotting, cracking, bowing and shrinking, fiberglass of surface finish and the square and level and resist warping and twisting during insta

43、llation, a common problem during installation with other types of windows. It is extremely . Because fiberglass frames are essentially glass fibers and resin, the frames expand and contract very little and at approximately the same rate as glass itself. If there is any expansion and contraction, the

44、 components expand and contract as a unit, unlike most window and door frames which interface of different materials: glass on wood, glass on aluminum or glass on vinyl. Aluminum is said to expand and contract three times as much as fiberglass and vinyl over seven times more. The minimal expansion a

45、nd contraction of fiberglass puts less stresson the sealsand frame-to-seal connection is maintained during temperature changes throughout the day and the seasons, thereby reducing the potential for air infiltration, a major cause of a buildings loss of energy emciency.Natural insulation. Fiberglass

46、is a superior insulator as it is made from a simple polymer reinforced with thin strands of pulled glass Air is trapped inside, and it will not conduct of fiberglass is so effective, and because the temperature outside will not warm or cool the actual fiberglass in the window itsel excess condensation will not form. Fiberglassresistance a suitable range and limits the growth of mold and mildew.Low thermal transmittance. Fiberglass low U