语用学指示语

1、Deixis徐海艳徐海艳 刘倩倩刘倩倩v The main contents of deixisv (1) Background v (2) Definition of deixisv (3) Deictic usage v (4) Five categories of deixis Background With the development of pragmatics in the 1970s, more and more people turn their attention to the study of language of real people in the real wor

2、ld. v While deixis appears to be a universal feature of human communication and it is frequently treated as one of the core areas within pragmatics.The definition of deixisvThe term deixis is borrowed from the Greek word for pointing or indicating. vVarious terminology: Reichenbach (赖辛巴赫赖辛巴赫) token-

3、reflexive words Peirce indexical signs（索引符号索引符号） Russell egocentric particulars (自我中心特称词) Levinson deixis Deixis concerns: vthe ways in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event;v the ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the an

4、alysis of that context of utterance. - Levinson: Pragmatics, 1983vDeixis refers to the function of personal and demonstrative pronouns, of tense and of a variety of other grammatical and lexical features which relate utterances to the spatio-temporal co-ordinates of the act of utterance. - Lyons（莱昂斯

5、莱昂斯） (1977:636)v指示是人类语言中一种普遍的现象。任何语言都有一些特定的语言手段用来指示或者代替语境中的某一成分，使话语与一定的人物事物、空间、时间、事件等发生直接联系。能起指示作用的词语有人称代词、指示代词指示形容词、指示副词、关系代词、定冠词等。 -Lyons, (1977: 636-656）v指示语就是一些在语境中才能确定所指对象的词语和结构。 -关德英v指示语是用于表示语言指示信息的词语。 -董瑞红 把表示语言指示信息的词语或结构称为指示语。 -语用学概论 （何自然，冉永平，2002 ） Deictic usage 1. Gestural use and symbolic

6、 use ( (手势和象征用手势和象征用法法） The use of deictic expressions together with paralinguistic features is call the gestural use, and that without, the symbolic use. Paralinguistic Features (副语言特征副语言特征) which means body movements like eye-gaze, facial expression, nodding of the head, gestures by the hand, and

7、unusual , variations of pitch, loudness and duration of sound. (1)This one is genuine, but this one is fake.（运用手势） (2)This city is really beautiful. Deictic usagev2. Deictic uses and anaphoric usesvAnother use of deictics is known as anaphoric. In other words, deictics may be used non-deictically. v

8、 话语中的照应关系在一定程度上为话语指示语的正确使用提供了必要的前提条件，揭示出话语指示语所指代的具体内容。话语指示语的照应关系包括回指和预指。v回指（anaphora）又译为上指、前指或照应，是指用一个词项指代前文中提到过的单位或意义的语言学单位（Crystal,1985）（转引自胡壮麟，1994:48）。前文中被指代的词项叫先行词(an-tecedent)，指代的词项叫回指项或者指代项（anaphor）。v预指(cataphora)是对下文将要出现的内容或者词项的指代，总是替代项在前，被替代项在后。（王宗炎，1994)vFor example,v1.He hurt his leg yest

9、erday.Thats why he didnt come.v 2. To be or not to be, thats a question.v例句中的指示代词that指的是he hurt his leg yesterday,其中he hurt his leg yesterday是先行词，指示代词that是回指项；v例句中的指示代词that指的是To be or not to be，其中To be or not to be是先行词，指示代词that是回指项.v3. What I want to tell you is this the meeting will be put off till

10、 Saturday.v例句3中的指示代词this指的是 the meeting will be put off till saturday，其中指示代词this是替代项， the meeting will be put off till saturday是被替代项；例3中的指示语this的指代属预指用法.Five categories of deixis vAccording to Pragmatics written by Levinson, he classified five major categories of deixis.person deixistime deixisdisco

11、urse deixisplace deixisdeixissocial deixisPerson deixis(人称指示) Definition of person deixis： 1. Levinson(1983): person deixis concerns the encoding of the role participants in the speech event in which the utterance in question is delivered. 2.人称指示语指谈话双方用话语传达信息时的相互称呼。 -语用学概论 （何自然，冉永平，2002）由三个人称构成的人称代词

12、由三个人称构成的人称代词：First person pronounsSecond person pronounThird person pronounEnglish I, we you he, she, it, theyChinese我，我们，本人，咱，咱们，俺们，人家你，你们，您，阁下她，他，它，他们，她们，它们，别人v下面这段幽默对话是因为打电话的人慌乱中弄错了人称指示语才暴露了自己。vVoice on phone: John Smith is sick and can not attend class today. He requested me to notify you.vProfe

13、ssor: All right. Who is this speaking?vVoice on phone: This is my roommate.Time deixis(时间指示)v1. Levinson (1983) thought v Time deixis concerns the coding of temporal point and spans (间距) relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken.v2. Time deictics, such as yesterday, tomorrow, now, only b

14、ecome fully meaningful if you know when the words were uttered. - Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmaticsv3.时间指示指谈话双方用话语传达信息时提到的时间。 -语用学概论 （何自然，冉永平2002）Four types of time deixis types examplesTemporal adverbsnow, then, recently, today, yesterdayVerb tensepresent, past, future A compoun

15、d (deictic modifiers +expressions of time)this, last, next + week, month, year, MondayPrepositional phrases+ adverbial phrasesin a while, four days ago, within a weekv在讨论时间指示时，我们还需要注意所谓编码时间（coding time, 简称CT) 和接收时间（receiving time, 简称RT)这两个概念。v编码时间指说话人将其想要传递的信息进行编码的时间，也就是说话时间。v接收时间指听话人收到说话人所发出的信息的时间。

16、v在大多数情况下，这两个时间几乎一致。但两个时间之间的差别也可能十分明显， 例如:隔了几天才能到达收件人的信件，预先录制的广播节目、电视节目等等。Place deixis(空间指示)v1. Levinson(1983) thought vPlace deixis concerns the encoding of spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech event.v2.地点指示或空间指示，指话语涉及的地点。“纯”地点指示语在英语中常见的有副词（如here, there）和指示代词（

17、如this, that),其他的一些地点指示语多由介词短语表示。 -语用学概论 （何自然，冉永平，2002）vIn English, location adverbs and demonstratives such as here, there, this, that, left, right are typical place deixis.vBesides, pairs of motion verbs such as come and go, take and bring also are components of place deixis.vEquivalents of these w

18、ords can be found in Chinese, that is in turn, 这儿，那儿，这，那，左和右；来和去，带走和拿来。 时间指示与空间指示之间有一个重要区别。时间指示与空间指示之间有一个重要区别。前面说过，在多数情况下，前面说过，在多数情况下，CTCT（编码时间）（编码时间）和和RTRT（接收时间）是一致的，或者可以认为（接收时间）是一致的，或者可以认为是一致的。但在语言活动中，交际双方永远是一致的。但在语言活动中，交际双方永远不可能处于同一空间位置。不可能处于同一空间位置。TipDiscourse deixis(语篇指示)v1. Levinson defines it

19、 as the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance. (including the utterance itself)v2. 话语指示或语篇指示，指在说话或行文过程中选择恰当的词汇或语法手段来传达话语中某部分或某方面的指示信息。 -语用学概论 （何自然，冉永平，2002） Three kinds of discourse deixisva) It includes words or phrases by wh

20、ich an utterance signals its relation to surrounding text, such as utterance-initial anyway, but, therefore, above all, well, in conclusion and so on.vb) Time-deictic words can also be used to refer to portions of the discourse. Thus analogously to last week and next Thursday. vc) Place-deictic can also be re-used here, and especially the demonstrative this and that .Social deixis(社交指示)v1.Levinson(1983), describe social deixis as the encoding of social distinctions that are relative to participant-roles, particularly aspects of the social relationship holding between sp