differencebetweenexpoandargumentation

1、对TWE的认识+自己总结的模板首先,各位朋友在写作前应该了解英文短文的四大种载体(four kinds of writing)： 记叙文;描写文;说明文和议论文。简单地说, narration 是讲述一个故事；description 是描写某人、某物；exposition 侧重于解释、说明某事物、某现象、某情况等；argumentation 的目的在于使人们信服自己的立场、观点。综观很多TWE题目后，我们可以发现TWE毫无疑问适合以 exposition 或 argumentation 这两种载体操作。这里我就从个人角度适当分析一下。每篇文章都必然归属于某一种载体，但同一篇文章中并不排斥其他载

2、体的表达方式，只是有主次之分。比如，记叙文在叙述一个故事的过程中，常常不可避免地穿插些描写；议论文也可有叙述、描写；说明文更离不开适当的描写甚至议论的配合。以下我以TWE练笔中的一篇范文举例。一. 载体的穿插使用QUOTE:TWE练笔专贴第十期Topic15.Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer. 作者: llneaco Livin

3、g in the neighborhood, we cannot avoid rubbing shoulders with people of all ages and all walks of life everyday; therefore, though not imperative, it is anyway preferable to have an inhabitant with agreeable qualities residing nearby. In terms of the qualities of a good neighbor, as I have observed,

4、 could be in the rough concluded as “law-consciousness”, “respectfulness” and “readiness to help”. 开头表明了作者的立场：we cannot avoid rubbing shoulders with people of all ages and all walks of life everyday; therefore, though not imperative, it is anyway preferable to have an inhabitant with agreeable quali

5、ties residing nearby.随后说明了具体的三个方面：In terms of the qualities of a good neighbor, as I have observed, could be in the rough concluded as “law-consciousness”, “respectfulness” and “readiness to help”. 而后面的3个段落，围绕the qualities of a good neighbor这一中心，开展说明。In the first place, a good neighbor should undoub

6、tedly be well conscious about the law because no one is willing to get caught up in problems from someone elses illegal activities. Even though I might not have committed any crime, I could still be involved since the one who committed it lives around the corner from my house. Still worse, I might f

7、eel quite insecure about my personal safety and property living in the vicinity with such a lawless person, which is like putting the cat near the goldfish bowl. In short, having a sound knowledge of law is the very prerequisite of being a good neighbor. “Respectfulness” is another trait of a nice n

8、eighbor. By “respectfulness” I indicate not only the courteous behavior when neighbors greet one another, but the noninterference with each others privacy as well. Consider, a gossip keeps prying into her neighbors private life and spreading offensive rumors around, which would result in a distortio

9、n of the truth or even worse, defamation to the person involved. An amicable neighbor, consequently, should be less curious but more respectful for others personal freedom.What is more, most people treasure extraordinarily their neighbors virtue of “readiness to help”, in particular while they are i

10、n need of assistance or support. For instance, once there was a gas explosion in an apartment near our house due to the hosts negligence, and both the host and the hostess were burnt so badly that they could hardly escape from the flaming room themselves. Thanks to several neighbors including my fat

11、her who fearlessly rushed into the apartment and rescued the injured in time, the couple was then sent to hospital and healed. Now several years have passed, the couple still mentions that accident often with great gratitude.这里作者就通过叙述一个曾经的故事支持了自己的一个观点，即neighbors virtue of “readiness to help”To draw

12、a conclusion, there are quite a few noteworthy characteristics of a good neighbor. As far as I am concerned, to be law-conscious, respectful for someone elses privacy and willing to help others anytime are the most essential ones. 首先，我觉得这篇文章在大方向上可以看成是一篇说明文。说明的内容是： what are the qualities of a good ne

13、ighbor? 接着作者从3个方面对the qualities of a good neighbor下了定义，即：“law-consciousness”, “respectfulness” and “readiness to help”。而我们又可以把3个理由段的头一句看成一个一个小论点，之后在每段中“摆事实，讲道理”阐述论点，使读者认同。哎！ 又看一遍，还是由衷感叹llneaco写的太好了 佩服！佩服啊！说明文 顾名思义,目的就是在于进行说明或解释(explain)、分析，向读者传授有关特征、性质、成因、过程等方面的知识，给读者以指导或启发。说明文是种应用范围很广的载体，教科书、说明书、解说

14、词、内容提要等等都可见其影子。说明文以说明“什么”（WHAT）、“为何”（WHY）、“如何”（HOW）为主。写作过程中，应主题明确，中心突出，避免东拉西扯。尤其要提供例证、事实和细节，并按一定的逻辑顺序来写。二. 说明文QUOTE:下面我举例分析下，例如：TWE练笔专贴第六期Topic43.Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.感谢网

15、友：MirrorwindMany people today seek for exciting activities, and the more dangerous they appear, the more highly they are regarded. Why do people hold such a preference doing these sports instead of enjoying themselves by other comfortable approaches? In my opinion, there are two main reasons for the

16、 enthusiasm for dangerous sports and other dangerous activities. The chief motivation driving a myriad of people to risky sports is due the nature of human beings as searching for challenge and adventure. Consider, alpinists who try to climb mountains by a perilous route show particular interests no

17、t for this mountain tops but the challenge and difficulties they may meet on the course of climbing. Meanwhile, extreme activities are able to challenge people both physically as well as psychologically. Take my own experience as an example, last year I went to the Tiger Jumping Gorge, which is cons

18、idered to be a dramatic spot for extreme activities as its hard nature conditions. Spending more than ten hours totally going through that gorge, I found that experience of testing my body and courage was extremely impressive as the first time my instinct of perseverance appeared, encouraging me not

19、 to give up.Moreover, people who pursuit dangerous activates can meet their psychological needs of today's world of solving mental problems such as high depression, isolation of people, and so on. For instance, in China nowadays many white collars in cosmopolitan cities hold passion for hiking

20、in wild lands. During their trips, they often face with troubles , even danger while having coarse foods and uncomfortable accommodation. Yet, they still believe such an approach indicates good way for relaxing and escaping from daily work. Many of such young people have specific clubs to organize t

21、hose sports regularly, thus there the group members can gain their beings (belongings)and communicate with each other, which seems to be an effective antidote to loneliness in big cities.To sum up, dangerous activities and other forms of courting excitement stem from the nature of humankind as many

22、people are always looking for something new and exciting. In addition, by taking part in dangerous activities, people may find a way to fight against problems such as stress and loneliness brought by modern life styles .（371words）文章围绕为什么一些人喜欢从事危险的运动或活动展开，作者通过分析，道出了两点理由，告诉大家其中的原因。即：the nature of huma

23、n beings as searching for challenge and adventure 和 meet their psychological needs of today's world of solving mental problems。 当然，文章中作者提供了诸多例证与事实，这样使得文章更具客观性。最后，例如：Topic52. What change would make your hometown more appealing to people your age? Use specific reasons and examples to support your

24、 opinion.Topic36.Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people's lives.o automobiles o bicycles o airplanesUse specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Topic7. How do movies or television influence people's behavior? Use rea

25、sons and specific examples to support your answer.这样的标题都能用 exposition 的载体进行熟练的操作。其实在最初阶段，我一直认为TWE应该就是用argumentation的形式来写，走了不少弯路。直至发现使用exposition载体对某些TOPIC更为适用后，才整理出了今日的观点。以上就说明文已有了大致的了解，这里仅对议论文进行些微薄的阐述吧。议论文 的主要目的是让别人信服作者对某一个问题的看法。在写作过程中，虽然也有说明或解释自己的立场或观点，但其基本特征是说服性的，也就是通过充分的论证来说服别人，或让别人改变观点，转而接受作者的立

26、场观点，或至少使别人对有关问题给予重新思考。三. 议论文QUOTE:议论文主要依靠“摆事实、讲道理”来说服别人，具有论点、论据、论证三大要素。论点：是作者对某一问题的立场、观点或主张，是全文的核心所在，所以在写作时应做到立论正确，否则全文便会“不攻自破”。论据：是作者证明论点的理由和根据，应该做到论据充足有力。为此，应借助事实、理论等来支持论点。论证：本身就是一个“摆事实，讲道理”的过程，应该力争论证严密，可采取一定的推理方法来揭示论点与论据之间的内在联系。比如：归纳法、演绎法、类比、反证等。根据托福作文的考试特点,我们通常可以将一篇文章分为3大部分:开始段、正文和结尾段。我总结的具体写法为：

27、因是应试短文，我们易在“开始段”中，首先提出论点（作者的立场、观点和主张），且最好只有一个，这样可把文章写得更集中、透彻，保证“统一性”。在“正文”部分，我们应安排充分的论据来证明论点，利用事实、例证、数据、权威性的理论来进行论证。在此过程中，我们应特别注意表述的逻辑性。根据多位牛人的经验，采取三段式很有益处。“结尾段”实际上是下结论或作概括的段落，作者在此重申自己的论点，以加深读者的印象。 Topic71. Which would you choose: a high-paying job with long hours that would give you little time wit

28、h family and friends or a lower-paying job with shorter hours that would give you more time with family and friends? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.感谢：llneaco Comparing a high-paying job with long hours that would give one little time with his family and friends to a lower-p

29、aying profession with a shorter span that would cater to his desire for plenty of leisure getting together with his parents and buddies, the former “offer” might anyway be more tempting since the modern world, though it may be a bit too cruel to be admitted, has for some time (while) become a “profi

30、t-oriented” one. However, were I standing at such a nonplus, I would nevertheless prefer a less profitable occupation rather than its alternative, not only for the welfare of my family, my friends, but for my own sustaining healthiness as well. First of all, a light job may grant people abundant tim

31、e seeking and enjoying the pleasures of family love and comfort. For our beloved parents, if there was a single person to whom they have always been and would forever be attached, then it must be each and every one of us, their own flesh and blood.(the apple in their eyes) Growing up accompanied wit

32、h their profound love and care, we might more or less have neglected that years have wrinkled the skin(face) of our affectionate parents, who are always feeling solitary and unattended. Therefore, spending more time together with our father and mother, in comparison with a phone call or a piece of e

33、xpensive gift from a remote city, would be necessarily more urgent and pleasing for a filial son or daughter.In addition, an intimate and frequent connection (communication) with ones friends would be more rewarding than an emotionless decent salary. Since infancy, one had been associating himself w

34、ith friends of diversified traits, talents or interests, though with whom one could always share his happiness, misery, love and dream, from whom one could frequently receive the generous help and impartial advice. “Without a friend, the world is wilderness.” Friendship, like a plant, is yearned for

35、 constant attendance and irrigation, which would otherwise wither instead of flourish, thus a regular reunion with ones old acquaintances at the plentiful non-office hours might be a brilliant idea to maintain the precious friendliness. Undeniably, being engaged continuously in a well-paid position

36、might bring those staff great treasure, yet more often than not the cost of such treasure is the wear and tear of their health, mental as well as physical. As a matter of fact, it might be ironic that a sturdy body and a sensible mind are just among the prerequisites of accomplishing ones career goa

37、l in the long term. Consequently, as far as I am concerned, I would rather remain fit and sound even if I might not become wealthy immediately. “Do business, but be not a slave to it.” Likewise, earn money, but not be trapped in the greed for the flashy wealth, which might result in an indifference

38、to ones family, friends and healthiness. In a nutshell, I would not hesitate to choose a lower-paying job with more time with my family and friends for the consideration stated above.标准TWE范文哈！最后，列举下TWE开篇及结尾段句子的总结。相信很多人都喜欢这类的模板吧？！一，开篇1. Many nations have been faced with the problem of .2. Recently th

39、e problem has been brought into focus.3. Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4. Recently the issue has aroused great concern among .5. With the rapid development of .6. Faced with ., quite a few people argue that .二，结尾1. From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion th

40、at .2. It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop .3. In conclusion, it is imperative that .4. To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must .5. There is no easy method, but . might be of some help.以上只是我总结的模板的雏形，英语运用熟练者完全可在此基础上大加发挥，使之变为更复杂的语句。TWE并不可怕，只要大家愿意付出努力，就一定会成功！ 加油！ 专业论文写作课 一、为什么

41、要学习论文写作 大学生完成学业的需要； 大学生必备的基本功之一 ；就业的需要；现实状况提出的课题 二、什么是学术论文 中华人民共和国国家标准VDC 001.81、CB 7713-87号文给学术论文的定义为： 学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观测性上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解的知识和科学记录；或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结，用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流或讨论；或在学术刊物上发表；或作其他用途的书面文件。 通俗地讲，学术论文就是对某一学科领域中的学术问题进行探讨、研究，并以语言的形式表达出来，或在学术会议上宣读交流，或在学术刊物上发表，或作为其他用途的书面文件。 第一

42、章 写作的原则(principles of writing)一、写作的四种方式 二、艺术写作的类型 三、艺术写作的过程 表达自己欲望是人类共同的意愿，也是产生艺术和写作的灵感源泉。“作者知道自己生命短暂，总有一天，会被湮没，因此他想在墙上留下一点涂抹的痕迹，几百几千年后还会有人看到它。” 威廉福尔克纳（William Faulkner) 一、写作的四种方式(four ways of writing) 1、叙述（narration) 2、描写（description） 3、讲解（分析）(exposition) 4、辩论（议论）（argument） 叙述性写作（narration) 讲故事，可以虚

43、构，也可以不虚构 告诉读者发生了什么 客观冷静，尽量不要有太多主观判断，不要有太多形容词，忌“滥情” 叙述六要素 时间 地点 人物事件 原因 结果 如果叙述得扼要而正确，读者自然会感受到。（加了激励或劝说，读者反而会觉得别有用心） 叶圣陶 描写性写作（description） 1、描述对一件作品的感觉；作品的时代背景 2、描述艺术家的性格 3、描述一种技法，一种行为 4、描述他人的艺术观点（只有在提出自己的观点时，才是讲解性或议论性写作）5、感官系统获得的信息整合；客观性没有完全消失，主观性逐渐出现 叙述和描写的区别 一、叙述重在经历、过程，交代“做了什么”、 “发生了什么”，给人一个总体把握； 描写重在场面、状态，展示“怎么做”、“怎么发生的”、“状态如何”，给人一个细部的聚光。 二、叙述是粗线条的，描写是细线条的。 叙述和描写常常结合使用，在叙述中有描写，在描写中叙述。 例如：1、星期天一早，小方全家就去公园了。 2、星期天早上，天刚放亮，太阳还没出来，小方全家就带着新买的摄像机，高高兴兴地到公园去游玩了。 装饰是哥特式教堂的组成部分。兰斯大教堂拥有五千座雕像，它们是圣徒、先知、国王和红衣主教、大主教、骑士、仕女、工匠和平民百姓、魔鬼、各种动物和鸟类。在法国北部所知道的每一种叶子据说都出现在装饰中。在彩色玻璃、雕刻和雕塑方面，