莎士比亚与他的创作阶段

1、Chapter 6 Shakespeare141班LifeBorn in 1564In 1571, he was sent to school1582, he married to Anne Hathaway, having 3 childrenIn 1586 or 1587, he arrived in London.In 1593 and 1594, published two narrative poems.In 1609, his Sonnets were printed.In 1611, retired to his native townDied in 16161590 1594T

2、he First Period1601 1607The Third Period1595 1600The Second Period1608 1612The Fourth PeriodThe Frist Period (1590 - 1594) The historical play(first historical tetralogy): Henry , Parts 1, 2 and 3, Richard Comedy: The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Loves Labo

3、urs Lost The revenge tragedy: Titus Andronicus The romantic tragedy: Romeo and Juliet (earlist great success in tragedy) Narrative poems: Venus and Adonis and The Rape of LucreceThe Frist Period (1590 - 1594)Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet combines a tragic situation with comedy and gaiety(愉快): 1.

4、 There are more comedy factors in the first half of a drama; 2. Romeo and Juliet both die for love, but the two sides family eventually reconcile and the ending is not typical tragedy; 3. It is lyrical(感情夸张的, 有抒情味的) and optimistic in spirit, lit up by the spring and sunshine of South Europe.Features

5、 1. the period of apprenticeship in play writing 2. He beard the mark of youth, but of youth with astonishing versatility and wonderful talent. So far as language is concerned, his early plays show an extraordinary facility in expression and a felicity in the choice of phrases and epithets(绰号). 3. H

6、e used misunderstanding coincidence to weave plot, performance figures. But the plots often end in every Jack having his fore appointed Jill. He also created a series of ideal characters. 4. He tried to handle political themes and give historical lessons in early history plays. He focused on the new

7、 ideas, the new moral Acura praise humanism. Language At first, Shakespeares work consists of five rigid iambic(抑扬格的) feet, and the custom of rhyming made the verse even more mechanical and unfit for dramatic expression. But under the influence of Marlowe, he began to use blank verse(无韵诗). The First

8、 Period shows a general tendency of the gradual diminishing and disappearance of rhyme as the principal impediment in Shakespeares dramatic composition.The Second Period(1595 - 1600) 6 comedies: A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado about Nothing, As

9、You Like It, Twelfth Night 5 historical plays: Richard , Henry , Parts 1 and 2, Henry, King John A Roman tragedy: Julius Caesar SonnetsSonnets The Sonnets were the last of Shakespeares non-dramatic works to be printed. Critics praise the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual

10、 passion, procreation, death, and time. 由三段四行和一副对句组成，即按四、四、四、二编排，每行诗句有10个抑扬格音节。以形象生动、结构巧妙、音乐性强、起承转合自如为特色，常常在最后一副对句中概括内容，点明主题，表达出新兴资产阶级的理想和情怀。Features 1. mature period, a period of great comedies and mature historical plays. 2. The general spirit is optimism. The comedies of this period are redolent

11、of the pure breath of the green fields and of flowers, and lit by a warm sunshine of gladness, ringing with a chorus of youthful laughter. 3. The reverse creeps in for contrast. Virtue, nevertheless, shall have its reward and triumph in the end, and the wrong shall disappear before the forces of goo

12、d. 4. This period is his sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama(全景画) of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.Language 1. There is a great lift in characterization, which distinguishes this second period from the first, not only in the comedies, but a

13、lso in the historical plays. 2. At this period, Shakespeare surpassed Marlowe and other playwrights of his time in expressing the patriotic feelings of the English people and their demand for national unity with great force and vividness.The Third Period(1601 - 1607) 5 tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, Ki

14、ng Lear（Cordelia）, Macbeth, Timon of Athens 3 comedies: Troilus and Cressida, Alls Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure（Isabella） 2 Roman tragedies: Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus（Volumnia）Four Tragedies Hamlet Othello King Lear MacbethFeatures 1. the period of great tragedies and dark comedie

15、s. 2. It represents a mass of evil. There are scenes of murder, lust, treachery(背叛), ingratitude and crime. 3. The comedies are known as “dark” because they give somber pictures of the world.The Fourth Period(1608 - 1612) 4 romances or reconciliation plays: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winters Tale, Tem

16、pest A historical play: Henry Features 1. the period of romantic drama 2. It turns from the storm, the gloom to “a great peacefulness of light,” and a harmony of earth and heaven. 3. The tone is calm and reconciliation.The Transition of the four periods1590 1594The First Period1601 1607The Third Per

17、iod1595 1600The Second Period1608 1612The Fourth PeriodApprenticeshipin play writingmature periodgreat comediesand mature historical plays.great tragedies and dark comediesromantic dramaReasons第一、二阶段： 从社会根源上看，这时期正值伊丽莎白女王统治的盛年，英国已建成一个统一的民族国家，国势强大，政局稳定，经济繁荣，举国上下陶醉在升平安乐之中。这自然在莎士比亚的创作上打上鲜明的时代印记。 从思想根源上看

18、，他的人文主义思想这时尚未经受社会的严重考验，他坚信人文主义理想是可以在现实中实现的，因而，对现实的看法过于乐观。第三阶段： 从社会根源上看，这时的英国已从表面繁荣进入动乱时代，各种各样的社会矛盾都暴露无遗。 从思想基础上看，莎士比亚对现实的认识深化了，他看到了理想与现实之间的深刻矛盾，看到了人文主义理想实际上是不可能实现的这一悲剧性的事实。第四阶段： 从社会根源上看，社会矛盾激化，不堪压迫的农民纷纷揭竿而起。面对人民的反抗，詹姆斯一世一方面野蛮镇压，另一方面则加强对舆论的控制。戏剧界于是形成一股专写迎合宫廷趣味的、情节离奇的传奇剧的逆流。莎士比亚转向传奇剧创作，显然是受到这股逆流的影响。 从思想根源上看，由于人文主义者自身的矛盾，使得莎士比亚未能正确认识人民群众的力量，因而当人民群众起来反抗暴政时，他便很自然地退到企图以宽恕来调和社会矛盾的境地。此 外，作者本