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1、Invasion of NormandyDate:6 June 1944 mid July1944Location:Normandy, FranceCoordinates: 4920N 034W / 49.333N 0.567W / 49.333; -0.567Result:Decisive Allied victoryBelligerentsAxis GermanyPlanning of the invasionAllied forces rehearsed their roles for D-Day months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944,

2、 in south Devon on the English coast, 638 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger.6In the months leading up to the invasion, the allied forces conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude, aimed at misleading th

3、e Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion.CodenamesThe armed forces use codenames to refer to the planning and execution of specific military operations. Operation Overlord was the codename for the Allied invasion of northwest Europe. The assault phase of Operation Overlord was kn

4、own as Operation Neptune. (.) Operation Neptune began on D-Day (June 6th 1944) and ended on 30 June 1944. By this time, the Allies had established a firm foothold in Normandy. Operation Overlord also began on D-Day, and continued until Allied forces crossed the River Seine on 19 August 1944.D-DayThe

5、 following major units were landed on D-Day. A more detailed order of battle for D-Day itself can be found at Normandy landings.British 6th Airborne Division.14British I Corps, British 3rd Infantry Division and the British 27th Armoured Brigade.Canadian 3rd Infantry Division, Canadian 2nd Armoured B

6、rigadeBritish XXX Corps, British 50th Infantry Division and British 8th Armoured Brigade.15British 79th Armoured DivisionU.S. V Corps, U.S. 1st Infantry Division and U.S. 29th Infantry Division.1416U.S. VII Corps, U.S. 4th Infantry Division.,16 U.S. 101st Airborne Division.,16 U.S. 82nd Airborne Div

7、ision.161718Subsequent days The total troops, vehicles and supplies landed over the period of the invasion were: By the end of 11 June (D + 5), 326,547 troops, 54,186 vehicles and 104,428 tons of supplies. By 30 June (D+24) over 850,000 men, 148,000 vehicles, and 570,000 tons of supplies. By 4 July

8、one million men had been landedNaval participants The invasion fleet was drawn from eight different navies, comprising 6,939 vessels: 1,213 warships, 4,126 transport vessels (landing ships and landing craft), and 736 ancillary craft and 864 merchant vesselsGerman order of battle The number of milita

9、ry forces at the disposal of Nazi Germany reached its peak during 1944.Atlantic WallStanding in the way of the Allies was the English Channel, a crossing which had eluded the Spanish Armada and Napoleon Bonapartes Navy. Compounding the invasion efforts was the extensive Atlantic Wall, ordered by Hit

10、ler in his Directive 51. Believing that any forthcoming landings would be timed for high tide (this caused the landings to be timed for low tide), Hitler had the entire wall fortified with tank top turrets and extensive barbed wire, and laid a million mines to deter landing craftcitation needed. The

11、 sector which was attacked was guarded by four divisions.Divisional areasThe following units were deployed in a static defensive mode in the areas of the actual landings:716th Infantry Division (Static) consisted mainly of those unfit for active duty and released prisoners.352nd Infantry Division, a

12、 well-trained unit containing combat veterans.91st Air Landing Division (Luftlande air transported), a regular infantry division, trained, and equipped to be transported by air.709th Infantry Division (Static). Like the 716th, this division comprised a number of Ost units who were provided with Germ

13、an leadership to manage them.Adjacent divisional areasOther divisions occupied the areas around the landing zones, including:243rd Infantry Division (Static) (Generalleutnant Heinz Hellmich), comprising the 920th Infantry Regiment (two battalions), 921st Infantry Regiment, and 922nd Infantry Regimen

14、t. This coastal defense division protected the western coast of the Cotentin Peninsula.711th Infantry Division (Static) (Generalleutnant Josef Reichert), comprising the 731st Infantry Regiment, and 744th Infantry Regiment. This division defended the western part of the Pays de Caux.30th Mobile Briga

15、de (Oberstleutnant Freiherr von und zu Aufsess), comprising three bicycle battalionsArmoured reserves Rommels defensive measures were also frustrated by a dispute over armoured doctrine.Army Group B reserve The 21st Panzer Division (Generalmajor Edgar Feuchtinger) was deployed near Caen as a mobile

16、striking force as part of the Army Group B reserve. However, Rommel placed it so close to the coastal defenses that, under standing orders in case of invasion, several of its infantry and anti-aircraft units would come under the orders of the fortress divisions on the coast, reducing the effective s

17、trength of the division.OKW reserveThe 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend (Brigadefhrer Fritz Witt) was stationed to the southeast.Further to the southwest was the Panzer-Lehr-Division (General major Fritz Bayerlein), an elite unit originally formed by amalgamating the instructing staff at various

18、 training establishments.1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler was refitting in Belgium on the Netherlands border after being decimated on the Eastern Front.17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Gtz von Berlichingen (General major Werner Ostendorff) was based on .Thouars, south of the Loir

19、e River, and although equipped with Assault guns instead of tanks and lacking in other transport (such that one battalion each from the 37th and 38th Panzergrenadier Regiments moved by bicycle), it provided the first major counterattack against the American advance at Carentan on 13 June.Allied esta

20、blishment in FranceThe Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Saint-L, Caen, and Bayeux on the first day, with all the beaches linked except Utah, and Sword (the last linked with paratroopers) and a front line 10 to 16 kilometres (610 mi) from the beaches. However, practically none of t

21、hese objectives had been achieved. It took 3 months for British and Canadian troops to capture Caen, as they faced 7 heavy Panzer divisions, while their American allies, although advancing more rapidly, faced only 2 of these divisions. Overall the casualties had not been as heavy as some had feared

22、(around 10,000 compared to the 20,000 Churchill had estimated) and the bridgeheads had withstood the expected counterattacks.Assessment of the battle The Normandy landings were the first successful opposed landings across the English Channel in over eight centuries. Although there was a shortage of artillery ammunition, at no time w