体验商务英语3Chapter01Globalization

1、Shandong Economic University 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityChapter 1第一章 Globalization全球化1-2 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University We are not a global business. We are a collection of local businesses with intense global coord

2、ination.Percy Barnevik, Swedish business leader What does Barnevik mean by it? He means that company X responds to local needs with local solutions, but nevertheless has a general global strategy and a global communication system which keeps everyone pulling in the same direction. 1-3 山东经济学院国际贸易学院Sc

3、hool of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityQuestions for Discussion1-4 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityWatch and Answerv Watch a video about “globalization” and answer the following questions.v What is globalization?v What are the main contributor

4、s of globalization?v What are the three main areas of globalization?v Who wins with globalization?1-5 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityWhat Is Globalization?vThe world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent, integrated glo

5、bal economic systemv世界上的各国家正在从自给自足的经济模式走向一个相互依存的，一体化的全球经济体系vGlobalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economyv全球化（ Globalization ）是指全球向一个更加一体化和相互依存的世界经济体系的转变1-6 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityDesigned in GermanyAssembl

6、ed in ChinaComponent made from Czech RepublicSteel from Japan and KoreaRubber from MalaysiaYou fill the car with the Gas from BP by a British companyThe oil is from Persian Gulf by a French oil companyTransported by ship owned by a Greek companyYou talk on a Nokia cell phone designed in FinlandChips

7、 produced in TaiwanChips designed by India engineersUsing software made by AmericanIron core from Australia And Brazil an PeruFeel Hungry? a restaurant run by a ChineseFast food and Soft drinks by American MacDonald and Coca-cola A picture of Globalization!1-7 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Tra

8、de, Shandong Economic UniversityWhat Is Globalization?v Globalization has two facets:全球化有两个方面: 1) the globalization of markets 市场全球化2) the globalization of production生产全球化1-8 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Globalization Of MarketsvThe globalization of mark

9、ets refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplacev市场的全球化是指拥有不同历史的和独立的国家市场合并成一个庞大的全球市场vIn many industries, it is no longer meaningful to talk about the “German market” or the “American market”v在许多行业，讨论所谓的“德国市场”或“美国市场”都不将有任何意义vInstead, th

10、ere is only the global marketv相反，只有全球市场1-9 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University1-10 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Globalization Of MarketsvThere are three causes:1. Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internati

11、onally各国贸易壁垒的削弱使得全球市场的销售更加方便容易2. The tastes and preferences of consumers are converging on some global norm消费者的口味和偏好正在向一些全球的准则趋同3. Firms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide跨国公司通过向全球提供一些相同的产品来促进全球市场的形成1-11 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Eco

12、nomic UniversityThe Globalization Of ProductionvThe globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capitalv生产全球化是指商品和服务的采购扩展到全世界各

13、地，在全世界各国的采购充分考虑和利用各地不同的优势，如土地、劳动力、资本等生产要素的质量和成本vCompanies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offeringv公司通过降低整体成本结构和提高质量或加速其产品供应来实现更有效地竞争1-12 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic Universi

14、ty1-13 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Emergence Of Global Institutions Institutions are needed to:全球性公共机构的职能有：help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace协助管理、规范和监督全球市场 promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global bu

15、siness system推动建立基于多国条约的全球业务管理系统1-14 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Emergence Of Global Institutions Institutions created over the past half century include:在过去的半个世纪里设立的机构包括:the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)vthe World Trade Organization (WT

16、O)vthe International Monetary Fund (IMF)vthe World Bankvthe United Nations (UN)1-15 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Emergence Of Global InstitutionsvThe World Trade Organization (like its predecessor GATT) is primarily responsible for policing the world tra

17、ding system and making sure that nation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties signed by WTO membersvIn 2009, the 153 nations that accounted for 97% of world trade were WTO members (China, Dec 11,2001)vThe WTO promotes lower barriers to trade and investment1-16 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of

18、International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Emergence Of Global InstitutionsvThe International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created in 1944 vThe IMF was established to maintain order in the international monetary system.vThe World Bank was established to promote economic developmen

19、t1-17 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe United Nations was established in 1945 to:v联合国成立于1945年，它的职能有：1. maintain international peace and security维持国际和平与安全2. develop friendly relations among nations发展国家间友好关系3. cooperate in solving international problems and in

20、 promoting respect for human rights合作解决国际问题和促进对人权的尊重4. be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations成为协调各国行动的中心1-18 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityDrivers Of Globalization Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater globalization:促进更大范围全球化的两个宏观因素是

21、：1。the Declining Trade and Investment Barriers贸易和投资壁垒的减少2。 Technological Change 科学技术的进步1-19 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityDeclining Trade And Investment BarriersvInternational trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another countryv

22、 Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home countryvAfter World War II, advanced countries made a commitment to lower barriers to trade and investmentvSince 1950, average tariffs have fallen significantly and are now at about 4% vCoun

23、tries have also been opening markets to FDI 1-20 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityDeclining Trade And Investment BarriersTable 1.1: Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of Value各国制造业产品的平均关税率（百分比形式）1-21 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trad

24、e, Shandong Economic UniversityDeclining Trade And Investment BarriersLower barriers to trade and investment mean:降低贸易壁垒和投资壁垒的意义:1.that firms can view the world, rather than a single country, as their market企业可以看到全球市场的前景，而不仅仅是一个国家2. that firms can base production in the optimal location for that act

25、ivity企业可以为自己的生产活动在全球范围内选取最佳地点以获得区位优势1-22 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Role Of Technological Change vThe lowering of trade barriers made globalization of markets and production a theoretical possibility, technological change made it a tangible reality. Im

26、portant advances have occurred in:v Microprocessors and Telecommunications: Major advances in communications and information processing have lowered the cost of global communication and therefore the cost of coordinating and controlling a global organization.1-23 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International

27、Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityvThe Internet and the World Wide Web: Web-based transactions have grown from virtually zero in 1994 to nearly $7 trillion in 2009. vTransportation Technology: the most important developments are probably development of commercial jet aircraft and super freighters a

28、nd the introduction of containerization, which greatly simplifies trans-shipment from one mode of transport to another.v Improvements in transportation technology have enabled firms to better respond to international customer demands.v Managers today operate in an environment that offers more opport

29、unities, but is also more complex and competitive than that of a generation ago. 1-24 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Role Of Technological ChangeImplications of technological change for the globalization of production include:v技术进步对生产全球化的意义包括：1. lower tran

30、sportation costs that enable firms to disperse production to economical, geographically separate locations降低运输的成本，使企业能够充分利用区位优势，分散生产地点，建立全球分散的生产体统2. lower information processing and communication costs that enable firms to create and manage globally dispersed production systems降低信息处理和通讯费用，使企业能够创建和管理

31、全球分散的生产系统1-25 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Role Of Technological ChangeImplications of technological change for the globalization of markets include: 技术进步对市场全球化的意义包括：1. low cost global communications networks help create electronic global marketplace低成本的全球通信网络，帮助建立全球电子市场2. low-cost transportation help create global markets低成本的运输帮助创造了全球市场3. global communication networks and global media are creating a worldwide cult