四六级考试重要语法点

1、四六级考试七大核心语法逐项解析1、词类冠词：关注冠词表示特指、泛指、类指的用法。形容词和副词：形容词的排序也不容忽视。来源：考试大的美女编辑们动词词组：几乎每年必考，今年依旧需要关注。2、动词的时态和语态阅读时时注意上下文的情景。大纲要求的八种常用时态都有可能成为考查对象，再此基础上重点关注：进行时、完成时和完成进行时。同时注意如Hardlywhen等经常考查的表示时间的固定句式。3、非谓语动词(1)牢记哪些动词后的宾语只能是不定式、动名词，哪些二者兼可。(2)分词和不定式做宾补的区别。(3)分词作状语。4、情态动词与虚拟语气依旧会受到命题人的青睐。虚拟语气是难点但不是重点，重点注意其在非真实

2、条件句和名词性从句的使用。5、定语从句和名词性从句定语从句：近五年必考。注意点：关系代词和关系副词的区别，as和which的区别，限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别、定语从句和同位语从句的区别。注意名词性从句引导词的选择和语序。6、状语从句重点关注in case, unless等连词引导的条件状语从句。注意：while, when, until, notuntil, before, since引导的时间状语从句。同时关注：目的和结果状语从句。7、特殊句式特殊句式注意倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句、祈使句和省略句。倒装语法精要全部倒装和部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部

3、倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面:Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.来源：在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面:Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldnt answer the question. Nor could anyone else in our class.Only in this

4、way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.以neither, nor, so等开始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前.“We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.”I am quite willing to help and so are the others.He didnt dro

5、p any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary.“I wont do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思, 尽管是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”当句首状语为 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.No longe

6、r are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装:There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.There comes th

7、e bus!Now comes your turn.1.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:There comes your turn.有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装:Here is Chinas largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.2.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:Here we are. This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”3.表语和系动词提前:介词短语: On the other side was nort

8、hern Xinjiang.Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.形容词: Very important in the farmers life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.副词: Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.分词: Housed in the Cu

9、ltural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.6) 句首状语若由 only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装:Only yesterday did he

10、find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装:Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only did the garage

11、overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either.定语从句语法精要定语从句限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappoint

12、ed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to

13、be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.定语从句的引导词that, who, whom: 非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就

14、应当用宾格 whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man (whom) youve been looking for.He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都

15、把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person (that) he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”, 用关系代词that的时候较多, 也有时用which. 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时, 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的, 特别是口语中(尤其

16、是当被修饰的词是all, everything等词时):Have you everything you need?(Is there) anything I can do for you?All you have to do is to press the button.在介词后只能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用that, 但省略的时候更多一些:The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.Th

17、is is the question about which weve had so much discussion.This is the question (that) weve had so much discussion about.定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的, 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引导词用which:They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.The activity was postponed, which was exactly what

18、we wantedWhen deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.whose: 在表示“的”这个概念时, 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物, 有时可与of which交替使用, 通常的词序是名词词组 + of which:Is there anyone in your class whose fa

19、mily is in the northeast?We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. (the purpose of which was)Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten. (whose name Ive)of which前的名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基数词担任; 这些词也能用在 of whom之前.The buses,

20、 most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.Its a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.关系副词 when, where, why: 它们的含义相当于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它们之间有交替使用的可能.The day when he was bornon which he was bornwhich he was born onThe office where he worksat

21、 which he workswhich he works at有时可用that替代关系副词, 在口语中that 可省略.Every time (that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous.This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?This is the place (where) we met yesterday.That is the reason (why) he did it.在

22、the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口语中that也可省略.This is the way (that/in which) he did it.Thats the way I look at it.如果定语从句中谓语为 there is, 作主语的关系代词也常可省掉:I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.定语从句的简化:

23、定语从句与不定式结构, -ing分词结构, -ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系.He was the only one to realize the danger (= who realized the danger).The woman driving the car (= who was driving the car) indicated that she was going to turn left.The man injured by the bullet (= who was injured by the bullet) was taken to hospital.All

24、the women present (= who were present) looked up in alarm.连词语法精要连词并列连词表示意义的引申: and, bothand, not onlybut(also), as well as, and as well, neithernor表示选择: or, eitheror表示转折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence从属连词表示时间: when, while, as, after, before, s

25、ince, until(till), as soon as, once表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that表示条件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition (that),表示其他关系: (al)though, than, as/soas, lest, in order that, sothat介词语法精要介词合成介词和复杂介词合成介词: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout,

26、upon within, without复杂介词: according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to, prior to等介词在句末This is what he is interested in.Does e

27、veryone has a seat to sit on?转载自:考试大 - 名词加介词 ( n + prep)某些名词之后要求用某些介词: solution to, faith in, glance at, need for某些名词之前要求用某些介词: on ones guard, at ones request, in all probability, to my delight动词加介词Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply for, touch uponVt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take

28、 advantage of等Vi + adv + prep:I dont wish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.Youre not telling me the whole story. Youre holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.Vt + O + adv +prep:You shouldnt take your resentment out

29、 on me.We shouldnt put the shortage down to bad planning.形容词加介词about - anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etcat - awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless,

30、 weak, etcfor - convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etcfrom - evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etcin - deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich, successful, weak, etcof - apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard

31、, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etcon - dependent, keen, intent, etcto - acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive, attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, favourable, hostile, indiffe

32、rent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable, related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etcwith - awkward, bored, careful, disappointed, generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick, wrong, etcthat从句语法精要that从句:wish, would rather (sooner), had better:I wish I were as strong as you.I w

33、ish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.来源：I would rather they came tomorrow (you had gone there too).I had rather (that) you told him than I did.suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句:The commander ordered that all civi

34、lians (should) be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided 等结构后的主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave t

35、he following weekIt will be better that we meet some other time.suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:His sole requirement is (was) that thy system be adjusted.在某些句型中it is time thatIt is time that we went (或should go) to bed.It is high time we (should) put an

36、 end to this controversy.as if (though) 引起的从句:They talked (are talking) as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was (were) spring today.He acts (acted) as if (though) he were (was) an expert.以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句(这时谓语多用 should +动词原形):He took his raincoat with him lest

37、it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that (或lest) he should catch cold.Ill keep a seat for you in case you should need it.以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时, 谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.Come what may, we will go ahead. 不管发生什么情况,

38、我们都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail; be that as it may, hes still a good politician.我承认他年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍是优秀的政治家.条件句语法精要条件句 虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式): 从句主句 过去式 would + 动词原形 If I were you, I wouldnt lose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit l

39、onger.表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况), 谓语主要形式如下: 从句 主句 had + 过去分词 would have + 过去分词 She would have come if we had invited her.If I hadnt taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake,You wouldnt have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.有时候, 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作, 发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的, 一个是现在发生的).

40、这时, 动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整. 这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示, 而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Without music, the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under m

41、ore favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.如果条件句从句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有时可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood, what s

42、hould we do?Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty. 非谓语动词语法精要2011年大学英语六级非谓语动词语法精要来源：考试大【关注考试大,就是关注自己的未来】2011年4月3日不定式 形式主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to doto be done完成式 to have doneto have been done进行式 to be doing完成进行式 to have been doing完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或

43、是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not

44、supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语

45、是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语

46、 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.不带to 的不定式:在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义

47、的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon

48、for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.Ive heard tell of him.在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.

49、Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push

50、 the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式

51、结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.不定式的其他用法 tooto 结构通常表示否定意

52、义:She was too young to understand all that.enoughto结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hes only too pleased to help her.soas (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加

53、一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Its kind of you t

54、o think so much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)形式 完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语

55、中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, hav