(临门一脚)2015年高考英语热点专题复习第一部分重点语法专题三句法

1、专题三：句法1. 状语从句一、考点精要【授之以渔】 从属连词引导的状语从句：since, once, while, as, before, after, until, suppose, however, in case 等。名词词组和副词引导的状语从句：the moment, the instant, the minute, the first time, each time, every time, immediately等。近几年以对时间、条件、让步和结果状语从句的考查最为频繁，重点考查的连词：when, before, unless, as long as, however等。考点1.

2、条件状语从句【巧点妙拨】1.由if，unless，if only，once，so/as long as，supposing(that)(假设)，in case，so/as far as，on condition that，provided/providing that引导。I wont go unless Im invited.除非我被邀请否则我不会去。2.“祈使句+and/or/or else/otherwise+陈述句”的句型中，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。Use your head, and youll find a way.动动脑子你就会想到办法。3.条件状语从句中一般要用一般现

3、在时态表将来。Once they become dirty, the lakes are not able to clean themselves.句意：这些湖水一旦变脏, 它们就不能自动清洁。解析：考查条件状语从句的连接词。考点2. 让步状语从句【巧点妙拨】1.though，although这两个连词用法基本相同，只是前者口语化，后者较正式，常位于句首，都不与but连用，但可以和yet，still，nevertheless连用。though还可作副词单独放在句尾，表示“然而”的意思。Although the TV set is very dear，I still want to buy it

4、.尽管这台电视机很贵，我还是想买它。2.as引导让步状语从句时，从句部分用倒装语序，句型为：形容词/副词/名词+as+主语+谓语（若表语为单数名词，前置时要省略冠词）Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是孩子，但他知道很多。动词+as+主语+情态动词Try as I might, I couldnt lift the stone.尽管我尝试了，我还是搬不起这块石头。3.even if/though尽管，即使。Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad.尽管天气糟糕，我们也要去旅游。4.“whetheror

5、”可引导让步状语从句。Whether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你信不信，那是真的。5.“no matter+wh-”引导让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句时“特殊疑问词-ever”相当于“no matter+特殊疑问词”。No matter what happened, he would not mind.不管发生了什么事，他都不介意。考点3. 时间状语从句【巧点妙拨】1.when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。（1）一般用法类别作 用as表示“当的时候”，往往和when/while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生

6、when（at or during the time that）既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生while意思是“当的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示一段时间时，两者可以互换（2）特殊用法while还可以用作并列连词，表示一种强烈的转折对比关系，意为“然而；却”。when还可以用作并列连词，意为“正在这时 / 那时”，相当于and at this/that time/moment。常用句型：be (just) about to do

7、when正要做这时be (just) on the point of doingwhen正要做这时be going to dowhen打算去做这时be doingwhen正在做这时had (just) donewhen刚做完这时2.before引导的时间状语从句。before引导的时间状语从句不用否定式谓语。在“It be+时间段+before从句”句型中，肯定句译为“(之后)才”，否定句译为“就”。该句型有一般过去时、过去将来时、一般将来时三个时态，且有否定句。It will be many years before the chemicals start to escape from th

8、e containers.多年以后化学物质才开始从容器中逃逸。It was not long before he came back.不久他就回来了。before可译为“未来得及”。He had measured me before I could get a word.我还未来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。before可译为“趁着还没”。Ill write it down before I forget.趁着还没忘了，我要把它写下来。3.since引导时间状语从句。意为“自从时起”，主句要用完成时。主要句型：It is/has been+一段时间+since(从句使用一般过去时)It was

9、+一段时间+since（从句使用过去完成时）Mr. Li has been here since he came back.自从李先生回来以后，他就一直在这儿。注意：since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的动作自从句谓语动作算起；若用延续性动词，所表示的动作自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。4.表示“一就”的句型。(1) as soon as/once(2) on doing sth./on ones+n.作时间状语(3) no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen(4) the moment,the instant,the minute,the second(

10、5) instantly, immediately, directly5.until和till引导时间状语从句。(1) “延续性动词的肯定式+until”表示“动作持续到为止”，可译为“直到为止”。I waited for him until he came back.我一直等到他回来。(2)“终止性动词的否定式+until”表示“直到才”。He didnt go to bed until he had finished his work.直到完成工作他才睡觉。She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to pra

11、ctise playing the piano yesterday.句意：昨天她刚刚完成作业这时她的母亲就让她练琴。解析：考查时间状语从句的连接词。此处when就在这时。考点4. 地点状语从句地点状语从句主要由where，wherever，anywhere，everywhere引导。We must camp where we can get water.我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.句意：在你有疑问和问题的地方做个标记。解析：此处是where引导的地点状语从句。二、典题对应【名师坐堂】学习状语

12、从句的关键是把握主句与从句间的逻辑关系, 并据此选择正确的从属连词。典题1. I believe that _ _ _ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once. （2014年上海卷语法与词汇）【命题意图】答案：as soon as / as long as解析：此处用as soon as 引导时间状语从句。也可用 as long as引导条件状语从句，两者都通。典题2. I dont really like the author, although I have to admit his books are very exci

13、ting.（2014年山东卷）【命题意图】句意：尽管我不得不承认他的书很令人振奋，但我真的不喜欢这位作者。解析：结合前后两部分的内容可知后半句引导的是让步状语从句。典题3. The young couple, who returned my lost wallet, left before I could ask for their names. (2014年陕西卷)【命题意图】句意：那对年轻夫妻归还了我丢的钱包，我还没来得及问他们的名字他们就走了。解析：根据空格后的I could ask for their names可知，我还没问他们的名字他们就走了。所以选before，表示“在之前，还没

14、来得及就”。典题4. Half an hour later, Lucy still couldnt get a taxi where the bus had dropped her.(2014年重庆卷)【命题意图】。句意：半小时后，露西仍然没有从下公交车的地方打到出租车。解析：根据the bus had dropped her可知，此处所填的词引导地点状语从句，故where正确。三、命题趋向从近五年的高考考点分布来看, 重点考查时间、条件和让步状语从句；然而, 地点和结果状语从句也不可忽视。从考点内容来看，主要是对when, while, since, although, so that等的考

15、查。从出题方式来看，所考内容呈现综合性特点，即对状语从句，定语从句，名词性从句交叉考查。状语从句及其连词的选用是每年高考各地必考的知识点。预计2015年高考将会继续保持这一状态, 以考查其基本用法为重点。趋向1. A number of high buildings have arisen where there was nothing a year ago but ruins. 句意：许多高楼在一年前还是一片废墟的地方拔地而起。解析：此处是where引导的地点状语从句。趋向2. Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this aftern

16、oon, or whenever it is convenient to you.句意：请让我的秘书在今天下午或任何你方便的时候安排一次会议。解析：状语从句。句中this afternoon指时间，所以 or _ it is convenient to you. 也指时间。趋向3. No matter how dry a desert may be, it is not necessarily lifeless. 句意：无论多么干燥的沙漠,它不一定是无生命的。解析：考查状语从句。考查基础语法知识并运用其分析解答问题的能力。no matter how修饰形容词。趋向4. You cant com

17、plain of being lonely when you dont make an effort to meet people and make friends with them.句意：你不能埋怨孤独，既然你没尽力去见人们并和他们交朋友。解析：考查状语从句的连接词。此处when意为“倘若, 如果”。趋向5. Time passes quickly, doesnt it? Yes. It will be only two months before we take the 2015 College Entrance Examination.句意：时间过得真快！是的, 再过两个月就高考了。解

18、析：此题考查连词的用法。固定句型It is/will be + 一段时间+before表示“没有多久就；要过多长时间才”。四、直击高考I. 单句改错1. It was five oclock while I got home.2. No sooner had I got home before it began to rain.3. As he is a child, he knows a lot. 4. We will reach our goal however difficulty we meet with.5. It wont be long till we take the coll

19、ege entrance examination.6. Because everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.7. You should keep modest only if you have made great progress.8. Despite it snowed heavily, the children went on playing outside.9. I found my bag the place I left it.II. 语法填空（填入适当的连词）Zhu Zhiwen liked music 1 he was young

20、. But he didnt go to college 2 his family couldnt afford it. He worked hard in the fields all day 3 he could support his family. He liked music so much 4 he practised singing 5 he had time. Sometimes he sang 6 he worked. Hard 7 he tried, his singing skill stayed poor. He decided to keep on practisin

21、g singing 8 he succeeded. He believes 9 there is will, there is a way. In order not to interrupt his neighbours he went to practise singing 10 there were no people every day, 11 it rained or snowed. 3 years ago, he took part in a singing competition held by Shandong TV station. 12 he started singing

22、, his voice shocked everyone present and he became a famous star. He sings 13 he were a professional singer.III. 选择填空1. _ youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as2. You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again.A.

23、when B. where C. then D. there3. _ he comes, Ill tell him the news.A. Directly B. Suddenly C. Quickly D. At once4. It matters little who does it, _ it is done, for you see, we are short of hands now.A. as soon as B. as far as C. as early as D. as long as5. He was about to tell me the secret _ someon

24、e patted him on the shoulder.A. as B. until C. while D. when6. Was his father very strict with him when he was at school? Yes. He had never praised him _ he became one of the top students in his grade.A. after B. unless C. until D. when7. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _I

25、 heard voices.A. as B. when C. after D. while8. Im afraid that the passengers will have to wait at the airport for another day, _ the fog clears up.A. when B. unless C. if D. though9. Ive been keeping that photo _ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my college days.A. which B. whether

26、 C. where D. when10. As is reported, it is over 100 years _Qinghua University was founded. A. when B. before C. after D. since2. 定语从句一、考点精要定语从句在高考中的考查重点：1) that与which引导的定语从句的区别；2) who, whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别；3) 关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别；4) 对“介词+关系代词”及其变式（不定代词介词关系代词、the名词介词关系代词、数词介词关系代词、the形容词比较级（最高

27、级) 介词关系代词、介词whose 名词、介词 which 名词) 的考查；5) the way 作先行词时, 定语从句的引导词作状语用in which, that 或者省略；6) 含有插入语即分隔式的定语从句；7) 与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句的混合考查。【授之以渔】掌握好定语从句中关系词的用法，牢记关系词的三个基本作用是关键。注意which / as引导的非限制性定语从句的用法，尤其是其意义和结构。应注意定语从句与其他从句的区别。考点1. that与which引导的定语从句的区别【巧点妙拨】注意用that不用which的情况和用which不用that的情况。As a chil

28、d, Jack studied in a village school, which is named after his grandfather.句意：还是孩子的时候，Jack在以他祖父命名的乡村学校学习。解析：此题考查非限定性定语从句。定语从句所修饰的先行词是school，它在定语从句中做主语, 因此使用关系代词, 由于是非限定性定语从句，不能使用that。考点2. who, whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别【巧点妙拨】who和whom引导的定语从句先行词为人，who在定语从句中作主语，而whom在定语从句中作宾语，可省略；whose引导的定语从句先行词既可指人也可指物，whose

29、在定语从句中作定语。In china, the number of cities is increasing whose development is recognized across the world.句意：在中国, 城市的数量在增加, 城市的发展被全世界意识到。解析：development与先行词cities之间是所属关系, 所以选whose。考点3. 关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别【巧点妙拨】Taobao is Asias largest retail (零售的) network platform, where people can buy and sell

30、 many kinds of things.句意：淘宝是亚洲最大的零售网络平台, 人们在那里可以买到各种各样的东西。解析：考查定语从句。根据先行词platform 在定语从句中作地点状语, 可知where = on which。考点4 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句【巧点妙拨】“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的重点是介词的确定。Lisa, I guess wed better fix a navigational aid (导航仪) to the car with which we can find our way easily.句意：丽萨, 我认为我们最好在车上安装导航仪, 用它我们能容易

31、地找到路。解析：考查定语从句的关系词。此处a navigational aid为先行词, which其在定语从句中作with的宾语。考点5特殊的定语从句【巧点妙拨】特殊定语从句包括：the way 作先行词时, 定语从句的引导词作状语用in which, that 或者省略；含有插入语即分隔式的定语从句；与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。Theastronautdidmanyexperimentsinthespaceship,whichwethinkareofmuchhelpforknowingspace.句意：宇航员在宇宙飞船上做了许多试验，我们认为这些实验对了解太空很

32、有帮助。解析：考查定语从句。根据先行词many experiments在非限制性定语从句中作主语，可知谓语动词为are，we think为插入语，of much help为表语。二、典题对应【名师坐堂】关系词选择是高考考查的重点。做好定语从句必须注意：1. 首先分析从句是否是定语从句，而这很大程度上取决于整句的逻辑关系。2. 分析定语从句的成分，看从句是否缺主语、宾语或状语等，因为引导词在定语从句中是必须充当一定的成分的。3. 观察先行词的特点：指人或是指物；既指人又指物；是否被某些特殊词所修饰限定；句子结构是否特别。典题1. Maybe you have a habit 67 is driv

33、ing your family crazy. (2014年全国卷 语法填空题)【命题意图】句意：也许你有一个你的家人不能容忍的坏习惯。解析：此处为限制性定语从句，修饰前面的habit。定语从句中缺少主语，用关系代词。先行词是物，所以用that或which。典题2. A company whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. (2014年山东卷)【命题意图】句意：一家在国内市场利润下降的公司可能会去国外谋求机会。解析：考查定语从句。定语从句中profits是主语，are是系动词，de

34、clining是表语，profits前缺少定语，而且profits和先行词构成所属关系，故用whose引导。典题3. I am looking forward to the day whenmy daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. (2014年湖南卷)【命题意图】句意：我期待着有一天，我的女儿能读懂这本书，并能理解我对她的感情。解析：本句中含有定语从句，先行词是the day，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when引导定语从句。典题4. So I decided to leave home for N

35、ew York, _I might have a better chance to find a good job.（2014年上海卷语法与词汇）【命题意图】答案：where。解析：考查非限制性定语从句。where引导非限制性定语从句, 在从句中做状语, 修饰先行词New York。三、命题趋向分析近五年的高考题可以预测出定语从句考查的重点是：1. 引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择；2. 对非限制性定语从句的考查, 特别是当先行词是整个句子时；3. 由whose, where, that和“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句等高考考查热点。趋向1. 引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择 I

36、s there a department store around where I can get a birthday present for my brother? Yes, just across the street.句意：附近有我能为我的兄弟买生日礼物的商店吗? 是的, 穿过这条街就有。解析：考查定语从句的用法。此处a department store为先行词,。where在定语从句中作状语。在此句中where = in which。趋向2. 非限制性定语从句That evening, which I will tell you more about later, I ended u

37、p working very late.句意：那个晚上, 我工作到了很晚，以后我将和你谈起的。解析：这里that evening是先行词。which在定语从句中作介词about的宾语。趋向3. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句Maria has written two novels, both of which have been made into television series.句意：Maria写了两部小说, 两部都被拍成了电视剧。解析：此处先行词是two novels, 后面是一个非限制性定语从句且介词前置, 因此用both of which引导。四、直击高考I. 单句改错1. Sh

38、e brought forward a plan which we didnt agree.2. It is well known, great changes have taken place in China recently.3. He talked of things and persons whom he had seen abroad.4. He is such a good teacher who we all respect.5. The place where interests the children most is Disneyland.6. Is this facto

39、ry which you visited last week?7. Tell me the reason why can explain your absence.8. Do you have anything which I must do for you?9. When people talk about the famous scenic spot in China, the first one comes into mind is the Great Wall.10. This is the only one of the best novels which were publishe

40、d last year. 11. You can come to see me tomorrow morning, which I will be free.II. 语法填空（用适当的关系词填空）Do you know the girl 1 is speaking on the stage? She is the student 2 English is the best in my class. Her father works in a company 3 computers are produced. Her mother works in a shop 4 sells clothes.

41、 They live in the house 5 roof is red. In front of the house there are a few trees 6 were planted by her grandpa 30 years ago. The old lady 7 is drinking tea under the tree is her grandma. The young man 8 is talking with her is my English teacher, 9 gave me some advice, 10 proves very useful. He is

42、such a good teacher 11 we all love and respect. Now I know the reason 12 I didnt learn English well. 13 we all know, practising using English is the best way 14 we learn English well. The roles 15 grammar plays in learning English is very important. I will always remember the advice 16 my teacher ga

43、ve me and I will never forget the days 17 we studied together.III. 选择填空1. Patience, without _ you cant do the work well, is a kind of quality.A. that B. it C. which D. what2. I still cant believe my eyes when I remember the scene _ the best player should miss the pass.A. that B. which C. where D. ho

44、w3. Remember that there is still one point _ we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.A. where B. why C. when D. that4. How about your job-hunting? No luck. Now, Ive reached the stage _ I dont care what I do.A. which B. where C. when D. that5. There are species living in the depths of the ocean

45、s _ we still know little.A. for which B. in which C. of what D. of which6. “Id like to give my thanks to those _ help my son was able to survive this terrible disease,” said the woman on TV.A. whoB. whose C. with whose D. with whom7. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a

46、 living.A. when B. that C. where D. which8. Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station _ you can hire to reach your host family. A. which B. where C. when D. as9. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, _ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A. which B. where C. who D. that10. The man

47、ager seemed to be doubtful about my ability, _ I could see from the expression on his face. A. this B. where C. that D. which11. He is always telling the director how to run the business, _ is like teaching ones grandmother how to suck eggs. A. that B. which C. what D. as12. I admire my English teac

48、her. I can remember very few occasions _ she stopped working because of ill health. A. that B. when C. where D. which3. 名词性从句一、考点精要名词性从句的定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句在复合句中能充当主语、宾语(介词宾语)、表语、同位语, 因此, 根据它在句中不同的语法功能, 可分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：1. 连接连词：that, whether, if。注意：that引导名词性从句时, 在主从句

49、中不可以充当任何句子成分, 也没有任何含义。He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.Everything depends on whether we have enough money.2. 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose和which, whichever。注意：what引导名词性从句时, 在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分, what可以分解成定语从

50、句中的先行词关系代词，即常说的先行词that。I want to know what he has told you.What he wants to tell us is not clear.3. 连接副词：when, where, how和why。That is why he didnt come to the meeting.She always thinks of how she can work well.Where the party will be held has not yet been announced.【授之以渔】名词性从句考查的重点：what和that引导的名词性从句

51、，if和whether引导的名词性从句，疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句，连接副词引导的名词性从句，名词性从句的语序，以及it为形式主语或宾语。考点1. what和that引导的名词性从句【巧点妙拨】what在名词性从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语，指代人、物、时间、地点等，that在名词性从句中只是引导词，不作句子成分，没有任何意义，引导宾语从句时可省略。例：The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face. 句意：这条令人震惊的消息让我意识到我们面临着非常可怕的问题。解析：此句是由what引起的宾

52、语从句，其中what是terrible problems的限定词表示“什么样”的，what terrible problems 共同做face的宾语。考点2. if和whether引导的名词性从句【巧点妙拨】在引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般使用whether，不使用if。在引导宾语从句时，大多数情况下whether和if可互换，而当后面直接跟or not，用于介词后或用于discuss后时多用whether。例：It doesnt matter whether you turn right or left at the crossing both roads lead to the

53、park.句意：在十字路口无论你是向左转还是向右转都没关系，两条路都通向公园。解析：句中It是形式主语，whether引导主语从句。whether or意为“是还是，不管还是”。考点3. 疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句【巧点妙拨】疑问词+ever引导名词性从句时，有词义，并且在从句中充当一定的句子成分。疑问词+ever还可以引导让步状语从句，这时可以和no matter+疑问词互换。但no matter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。例：You can give the beautiful card to whoever comes first.句意：你可以把这张漂亮的卡片

54、给第一位到来的人。解析：宾语从句缺少主语, whoever意为“的人”。考点4. 连接副词引导的名词性从句【巧点妙拨】引导名词性从句的连接副词有when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever等，它们均在从句中作状语。例：The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother.句意：这个迷路的小女孩决定呆在原地等她的妈妈。解析：remain是系动词，后加表语从句，由句意可知，从句缺地点状语，所以用where。考点5. 名词性从句的语序【巧点妙拨】名词性从句使

55、用陈述而非疑问语序。Could you advise me which book I should buy?句意：你能够建议我应该买那本书吗？解析：本题考查宾语从句。宾语从句应该用陈述语序。考点6. it为形式主语或宾语【巧点妙拨】that引导主语从句时常用it作形式主语。常见句型为：It + be + necessary/right/likely /wrong/important/certain+ that从句；It + be + a pity/a shame/no wonder + that从句；It + be + said/told/ reported/decided +that从句； It + seems/appears/ happens /matters + that从句。动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe，suppose，assume等后面有宾语补足语时，需用it作形式宾语而将that引导的宾语从句后置。例：It is known to us all that the Chinese government has spared no efforts to protect people from fake food.句意：众所