第二讲名词专题

1、 希望能帮到大家,祝好运!巅峰教育 2013暑假中考班 第 二 讲 名 词（Part 1）学情反馈(feedback) MistakesKnowledge points12（Part 2）考/重/难点(Examination/Important/Difficult points)1. Examination points ：名词的数、名词的所有格、名词词义辨析、名词作定语 2. Important points ：名词的数、格、辨析3. Difficult points ：特殊名词的数（Part 3）新课导入（Introduction）上节课的句子成分 - 主、宾语（名词）（Part 4）知识

2、梳理 (knowledge carding)一名词的分类：专有名词与普通名词，普通名词分为可数名词与不可数名词（一）可数名词：有单复数之分，表示一个或多个。1.可数名词复数的规则变化 情 况构成方法举例注意一般情况加 -smap-maps以s, sh, ch, x结尾加 -eswatch-watches以辅音字母加y结尾改y 为i再+ esbaby-babies元音字母+y结尾的直接+ s 如：boys部分以辅音字母加o结尾有生命的+ es 无生命的+ spotatoes/heroes/tomatoes/negroes/photos/zoos以 f, fe, 结尾改f, fe 为v + sKn

3、ife-knives有些只能+ s如：roofs,beliefs,proofs,chiefs,serfs,但：handkerchiefs/handkerchieves两种都可以2.名词复数的不规则变化 情况构成方法举例注意元音字母发生变化改- a 为- eman-men/woman-womenspaceman-spacemenwalkman-walkmanshuman-humans改- oo 为- eefoot-feet/tooth-teeth/goose-geese单复数同形没有拼写变化Chinese/Japanesefish/sheep/deerFish鱼肉:不可数表多少:可数, fish

4、表种类:可数,fishes常以复数形式出现的名词trousers/socks/gloves/glasses/shoes表达量时要借助量词pair等表示“某国人”单复数同形Chinese/Japanese 词尾+ sAmericans/Germans/RussiansAustralians/Greeks/Indians改man为men(复合名词)Englishman- EnglishmenFrenchman- Frenchmen其他形式Children/ox-oxen/mouse-mice 注意：1. people 作“人们”讲时，看做复数，不能+ s ，谓语动词用复数；family，class

5、是集体名词，既指单数又指复数，谓语动词的单复数根据具体的语境而定。2. 有些名词以s 结尾，但表达的意思是单数意义。如：news，maths，physics，the United States. 3. “the +姓氏复数 ”表示“一家人或夫妇二人”，如：the Greens 格林一家/ 格林夫妇。4. 年份前面加 the ，后面加 s ，表示年代。如：the 1980 s，20世纪80年代。（二）不可数名词：一般指物质名词、抽象名词等，通常没有复数形式，其前不用冠词a/an或数词，但可用some ,any ,a lot of ,a little 等来修饰。1 物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个

6、体名词时为可数。比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 （不可数）These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数）b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。比较：This factory produces steel.（不可数）We need various steels.（可数）c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。比较：Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。（书面语语中极少这么用）2抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。four freedoms 四大自由 t

7、he four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定数量，如：a glass of water / a piece of advice.注意：（1）可以修饰不可数名词的词或短语： a lot of ,lots of ,some ,a little ,little （2）常用的不可数名词：food , fish ,air ,milk ,wind 二名词的作用1名词作定语时：名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。（1）用复数作定语。例如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌

8、 the foreign languages department 外语系（2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials（3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。goods train （货车）arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷（4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred

9、trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划2作主语： English is useful.3作宾语： He learns English very hard.4作表语： Echo is my best friend.5作宾补： We made him the monitor/president .6同位语： The boys looked after us girls well. 7作状语： Cicy went to work this morning.8称呼语： Ladies and gentlemen 三名词的所有格分类构成方法例子表示有生命的名词所有格在单词名词

10、后加 s the teachers office. / Jacks photo 以-s 结尾的复数名词后要 the teachers office. / boys games 不以s 结尾的复数名词后面 加 s the Childrens Palace / the Peoples Republic of China 用and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有时，只需在后面一个并列名词词尾加 s 如果不是，则需在各个并列后面分别加上 sJohn and Marys house (房子是属于他们共有的)；Johns and Marys houses (房子是他们分别所有的)表示无生命的名词所有格一般

11、用“of + 名词”表示the doors of our class the color of the cover 注意：1. 有些时间、距离、重量、价值、国家、机构等无生命的名词后面也可以加 s 构成所有格。a pounds weight / five minutes walk / Beijing is Chinas capital2. “of + 名词”这一结构也可以用来表示有生命的东西的所有关系：名词较长： a teacher of my mother and my father 名词后面有定语且比较长： Do you know the name of the girl standing

12、 at the gate? of + 名词所有格或名词性物主代词： a friend of mine 四常见名词辨析1. work / job work : 工作，多指体力的或脑力的努力或活动，不可数名词job : 工作，零工，多指为换取报酬二进行的日常活动，可数名词2. road / street / wayroad : 具体的公路、马路street : 街道way : 道路，途径3. sound / voice / noise sound : 自然界各种各样的声音voice : 人的嗓音noise : 噪音4. family / house / home family : 家庭house

13、: 房子，住宅home : 家，包括住处和家人5. amount / number amount : 后接不可数名词 large amounts of money number : 后面接可数名词 a number of students 6. problem / question problem : 一般与“困难”相联系，客观上有待解决的问题，尤指比较棘手的难题question : 一般与“疑问、询问”相联系，主观上产生需要得到解答或解释的问题、疑问（Part 5）基础巩固（basis of consolidation）一. 写出下列名词的复数形式：（挑选） 1咨询电话：33226088 3

14、3226099 地址：运河北路118号，旧人民医院旁1. house _ 2. Chinese _ 3. American _4. orange _ 5. bag _ 6. exercise _7. brush _ 8. potato _ 9. human _10. city _ 11. box _ 12.sheep _13. class _ 14. factory _ 15. knife _16. shelf _ 17. half _ 18. woman _19. match _ 20. child _ 21. Japanese _22. German _ 23. tomato _ 24.

15、foot _25. wife _26. tooth _27. life _ 二. 将下列词组译成英语：（常用词组）1、一段音乐 2、两箱子苹果3、一条建议 4、一瓶墨水 5、一件作品 6、一条裤子 7、一则新闻8、一副眼镜 9、 一块冰 10、一篮食物 三名词所有格：( ) 1. This is _ . A. Mike and Jims bike B. Mikes and Jim bike C. Mikes and Jims bike D. Mike and Jim bike ( ) 2. He is _ . A. one student of my fatherB. one of my fa

16、thers student C. my fathers studentsD. one student of my fathers ( ) 3. Billy and I are good friends, I have _. Look at this one, how sweet he is smiling! A. some pictures of Billy B. some pictures of Billys C. some Billys pictures D. some pictures of Billy( ) 4. _ has travelled to Beijing. A. A fri

17、end of her B. A friend of hers C. A her friend D. Hers one friend ( ) 5. These are _ books. Jim bought one at the Sun Bookstore and Jill bought two at the Sky Bookstore. A. Li Lins and Jill B. Li Lin and Jills C. Li Lins and Jill D. Li Lins and Jills （Part 6）强化提高(strengthen and improve)一. 选择填空：（来自于全

18、国中考试题，知识点全面，但偏易）（ ）1. Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us. So he does. A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news 答案：A . News是不可数名词，用量词piece表示几则新闻，根据句意要在piece的后面加s。（ ）2. - Im going to the supermarket. Let me get you some fruit. -OK. Th

19、anks for your _. A . offer B. information C. message D. order答案： A名词的用法。句意：我打算去超市。让我给你买些水果。好的，谢谢你的提议（帮助）。offer提议；information消息，信息；message消息，口信；order命令；定单。（ ）3. The_ of most trees will fall in autumn. A leaf B. leafs C leaves 答案：C 【解析】本题考查的是名词复数的用法。leaf的复数形式为leaves，故本题选C。（ ）4. There are many _ playin

20、g on the playground. A. child B. children C. man teachers D. sheeps 答案：B. 名词复数用法孩子的复数是“children”，男老师“men teachers”， “sheep”单复数相同。 ( ) 5. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest bus stop? Go down this road. Its about_ walk.A. five minutes B. five minutes C. five-minutes 答案：B 表示时间、距离时，使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语

21、。名词应用其复数形式的所有格。 ( ) 6. Edward, you have grown up. You should learn to make your own room _ . A. empty B. noisy C. dirty D. tidy 答案：D 名词辨析。 解题思路：make sth.+adj意为“使某物保持”.( ) 7. These natural disasters have warned us that everyone should start to protect the _ immediately. A. amusement B. development C.

22、 environment D. government 答案：C 环境 .名词辨析。选项A意为“快乐”；选项B意为“发展”；选项D为“政府 ( ) 8. Its June 1st, its _ Day. A. Childrens B. Childrens C. Childrens D. Childrenss答案：B。名词所有格( ) 9 . As young adults, it is our_ to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teacher. A. work B.

23、 job C. duty D. task 答案：C 责任 。work 工作；job 职业；task任务。 ( ) 10. Look at the book, its not mine, and its not yours, so it must be _ . A. somebody elses B. somebody else C. somebodys else D. somebody else 答案：B。不定代词所有格形式一般在后者加 S。( ) 11. Excuse me, where can I exchange _? Theres a bank on the second floor.

24、 A . books B. food C. money D. stamps 答案：C 。books书；food食物；money钱；stamps邮票。 ( ) 12. Are there any _ in the picture? Yes, there are. A. fish B. pork C. beef 答案：A。B与C都是不可数名词，be动词用单数；fish表示鱼的数量时，单数和复数同形。( ) 13The singer felt very sorry and decided he would never drive again after drinking. The traffic a

25、ccident was really a _ to him. A game B. pleasure C. skill D. lesson 答案：D。 be a lesson to sb 意为“对于某人来说是一个教训”。( ) 14. Jack, will your family move to Shanghai? Yes. Thats a very big_ my parents made. A. decide B. decision C. education答案：B。 made a decision . ( ) 15. Im sorry I went out for a smoke. I w

26、as very tired. Theres no _ for this while you are at work. A. cause B. excuse C. matter D. choice 答案：B辨析。Cause指是“原因”；excuse指的是“借口”；matter指的是“麻烦事”；choice指的是“选择”。 ( ) 16 . At night, we can see colorful lights on both _ of the streets. A. sides B. side C. sides 答案：A 名词复数及所有格。答案：B。Christmas圣诞节；Spring Fe

27、stival 春节；Mid-autumn Day是中秋节；National Day是国庆节。 （Part 7）中考链接 (Senior high school entrance examination link)一、单项选择：( ) 1. The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many _ there.A. bird B. duck C. sheep D. rabbit( ) 2. How many_ are there on the table?A. glasses of orange B. glasses of oranges

28、 C. glasse of orange D. glasse of oranges ( ) 3. Could you please tell me something about the two_? _. They are exchange students of No. 1 Middle School.A. Frenchmen ; Yes, please B. Frenchmans ; Come onC. Germen ; Not at all D. Germans ; All right( ) 4. Im so hungry. Please give me _ to eat.A. thre

29、e breads B. three pieces of bread C. three pieces of breads D. three piece of bread( ) 5. We can see _ in the picture. A. apple tree B. apples tree C. apple trees ( ) 6. Tomorrow Im going to my _ . Its a _ .A. aunt ; five minutes walk B. aunts ; five minutes walk C. aunt ; five minutes walk D. aunts

30、 ; five minutes walk( ) 7. A computer is one of the greatest _ in this century. A. inventors C. inventions B. invitations D. invention ( ) 8. Look! The kites in the sky are in different _ . Some are big and some are small.A. size C. sizes B. colour D. clours ( ) 9. -What_ you usually have for breakf

31、ast ? - _ and a cap of coffee. A. do ; three bread B. do ; Three pieces of bread C. are ; Three breads D. are ; Three piece of bread( ) 10. - Two_ died in the accident. - _ terrible it is! A. policemen ; How B. policeman ; What C. police ; What D. policemans ; How 答案: 15 CADBC 610 DBBBA （Part 8）妙笔生花

32、 (write like an angel)你知道各国的名称及单复数吗？名称总称（谓语用复数）一个人两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans德国人the Ger

33、mansa Germantwo Germans俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss（Part 9）作业布置 (homework)1. 日常阅读理解训练2. 课后对应练习：一、单项选择( ) 1. - Its really hot today. What drinks do we have in the fridge. - We have some _ . A. noodles B. cheese C. sausages D. lemonade ( ) 2. Near our school there a

34、re two _ . A. shoes shops B. shoes shop C. shoe shops ( ) 3. Nowadays people can get much _ from TV, newspaper and the Internet. A. ideas B. stories C. photos D. information ( ) 4. When autumn comes, the _ the trees turn yellow. A. leaf on B. leaves on C. leaf in D. leaves in ( ) 5. Our school is ju

35、st ten _ walk from my home. A. minutes B. minutes C. minute ( ) 6. _ mothers both work in the same hospital. A. Tim and Peters B. Tims and Peter C. Tims and Peters D. Tim and Peter ( ) 7. -What did you see just now? - I saw two _ doctors _ out of the house.A. woman ; come B. woman ; came C. women ;

36、coming D. women ; to come ( ) 8. - I like the new teacher. - Me, too. Yesterday she give me _ on studying Chinese. A. some advices B. an advice C. many advice D. some advice ( ) 9. Im very hungry. Would you give me some _ ? A. water B. juice C. cakes ( ) 10. A new study proves a _ walk every day is

37、enough to keep people away from becoming fat. A. 30- minute B. 30 minutes C. 30- minutes 答案：15 DCDBB 610 CCDCA二、完形填空：阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从2130各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。 In the depths of my memory, many things I did with my father still live. These things have come to represent, in fact, what I call 21 and lo

38、ve. I dont remember my father ever getting into a swimming pool. But he did 22 the water. Any kind of 23 ride seemed to give him pleasure. But I never really liked being on the water. I liked being in the water, moving through it, 24 it all around me. I was not a strong 25 , or one who learned to sw

39、im early, for I had my 26 . But I loved being in the swimming pool close to my fathers office and 27 those summer days with my father, who would come by on a break. After swimming, I would go inside his office and sit on the wooden chair in front of his big desk, where he let me 28 anything I found

40、in his top desk drawer. Sometimes my father 29 and handed me coins and told me to get myself an ice cream A poet once said, “We look at life once, in childhood; the rest is 30 .” And I think it is not only what we “looks at once, in childhood” that determines our memories, but who, in that childhood, looks at us.( ) 21. A. desire B. joy C. anger D. worry( ) 22. A. avoid B. refus