简明英语句子成分分析

1、简明英语句子成分分析一、句子的成分概说句子是包含主语部分和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用来表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子的各个组成部分，叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分有：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。此外有些句子还带有呼唤语、感叹语、插入语，它们在句法上与句子的其他成分不发生关系，叫做独立成分。句子的成分一般由实词（具有实义的词类）担任。实词有名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词。虚词在句子中只起辅助和联系作用，不能做句子成分。虚词有冠词、介词、连词、助动词等。二、句子成分（一）主语主语是一句话的主题，是说话人要说明的对象，表示所谈的是“谁”或是“什么”。

2、主语一般在谓语之前。英语里可担任主语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式（短语）、现在分词（短语）、从句等。1、 名词作主语Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。The book on the desk is mine. 书桌上的那本书是我的。The letter is in her basket. 信在她的篮子里。2、 代词作主语He goes to school after breakfast. 早饭后他去上学。They have lived in Beijing since 1972. 自1972年以来，他们就住在北京。He has

3、learned English for 2 years. 他学英语两年了。We study hard. 我们学习努力。This is a book. 这是一本书。She is coming back either today or tomorrow. 她不是今天就是明天回来。3、 数词作主语Three of the boys joined the army. 男孩儿中的三个参军了。Ten is a very important number. 十是一个重要数字。4、 名词化的形容词作主语The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting p

4、oorer. 富者愈富，穷者愈穷。The rich are not always happy. 富有的人未必是幸福的。5、 不定式（短语）作主语To read in the sun is bad for your eyes. 太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好。To teach them English is my job. 教他们英语是我的工作。6、现在分词（短语）作主语Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。Swimming is good exercise. 游泳是很好的运动。7、 名词化的介词作主语The ups and downs of life must be take

5、n as they come. 我们必须承认人生之沉浮。8、 名词化的过去分词作主语。The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。9、介词短语作主语。To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。9、 从句作主语Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你不论什么时候准备好都行。Its not your fault that this has happened. 发生了这样的事不是你的错。10、句子作主语

6、。“How do you do ?”is a greeting. “你好吗？”是一句问候语。（二）谓语1、概说谓语是说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）用动词。动词常分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语，它们必须和实义动词或连系动词一起构成谓语。实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词，及物动词后面要带宾语。通常情况下，谓语位于主语之后。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。（1） 简单谓语简单谓语由一个动词或短语动词构成。它有时态、语态、语气等。如：He will drive to Was

7、hington. 他将开车去华盛顿。I had finished my homework before 9 oclock. 在9点前我已完成我的家庭作业。He had left when we arrived there. 当我们到时，他已经走了。（2） 复合谓语 由“连系动词+表语”构成复合谓语。如：The game is very boring. 这场比赛真没劲。Her brother is a driver. 她哥哥是一名司机。Li Ming is a good student. 李明是个好学生。 由“情态动词+动词原形”构成复合谓语。如：She can swim very fast.

8、她游泳游得很快。We must work hard at English. 我们必须努力学习英语。2、谓语和主语的一致一个句子的谓语动词与主语必须在人称和数上保持一致，规则如下：（1） 主语是单数必须跟单数形式的动词，主语是复数必须跟复数形式的动词，如：He is a friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友。They always show concern for others.他们总是关心别人。（2） 两个或两个以上的单数名词由and连接起来作并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：You, he and I are all students. 我、你和他都是学生。He and I like

9、 green tea. 我和他喜欢绿茶。注：A、用and连接的两个名词如果表示一个整体，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Bacon and eggs was served. 火腿和蛋端了上来。Fork and knife was used instead of chopsticks. 用刀叉而不是用筷子。B、有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时，谓语动词用单数形式。第二个every或each可省略。如：Every hour and (every) minute is important. 每一小时，每一分钟都很重要。Each man and (each) woman has a seat. 每

10、位男士和女士都就坐了。（3） 主语是单数，后面有其他干扰的成分如with, together with, along with, as well as, no less than, like, but, except 等短语时，仍和单数形式的谓语动词连用。如：The teacher, as well as the pupils, is doing morning exercises. 老师和学生在做早操。A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital. 一位妇女抱着一个婴儿正向医院走来。Emma with her students is singin

11、g an English song. 埃玛和她的学生在唱一首英语歌。（4） 当两个主语由or, eitheror, neithernor或not onlybut also等连接时，谓语动词应该和最邻近的主语一致。如：His parents or his sister often helps him. 要么是他父母要么是他姐姐常帮助他。Either Tim or his brothers have to tidy the room. 不是蒂姆，就是他的兄弟们去打扫房间。Neither the teacher nor the students know the answer. 老师和学生都不知道答

12、案。Not only the pupils but also the teacher is going to the cinema. 不但学生们，而且老师也要去看电影。 （5） 有些集体名词，如：people, police, youth, cattle 等用作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The police are looking for the missing child. 警察在寻找失踪的儿童。People standing there are talking about the bad news. 站在那边的人正在议论那个坏消息。Cattle are also kept. 还养牛。

13、注：people作“民族”解时，作单数用。如：The Chinese people is a great people. 中华民族是一个伟大的民族。（6） 有些名词以“s”结尾，但却是单数。如：news, physics, politics 等。所以谓语动词应用单数形式。如：Whats the news? 这消息是什么？（7） 由here和there引起的句子中，如有两个和两个以上的主语，谓语动词通常和最邻近be的那个名词一致。如：There is a pen and three books on the desk.书桌上有一支钢笔，三本书。There are three books and

14、a pen on the desk. 书桌上三本书，一支钢笔。（8） 集体名词作主语时，如作为整体看待，谓语动词用单数；如作为个体看待，则有复数。这类集体名词有audience（观众，听众）,class（班级）,committee（委员会）,couple（夫妇）,family（家庭）,government（政府）,group（小组）,team（队）,army（部队）等。如：My family is a small one. 我的家庭是一个小家庭。My family are listening to the radio. 我家里人正在听广播。The class are doing experim

15、ent in the lab. 全班同学正在实验室里做实验。（9） each和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词，在意义上属于单数。它们作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Each day is better than the one before. 一天比一天好。Everybody was wearing their shorts. 每个人都穿着短裤。Everyone is here. 每个人都在这儿。（10） Chinese, French, English, Japanese 等名词作主语表示语言时，用单数动词；表示人时，用复数动词。如：English is spo

16、ken in many countries. 许多国家讲英语。The Chinese are very friendly. 中国人很友好。（11） 表示时间、重量、价值、长度、距离等的复数名词作主语时，把它视作一个整体谓语动词用单数形式。如：Fifty years is not a short period. 50年并不是一个短时期。Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 走二十英里路可是很长的一段路程。Wheres that five pounds? 那五英镑在哪儿？Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money. 一万美元是一大

17、笔钱。（12） a number of 与the number of 作主语 “a number of +复数可数名词”表示“一些”、“许多”的意思，谓语动词用复数；“the number of+复数可数名词”表示“的数目、数量”，谓语动词用单数。如：A number of books are missing from the library. 图书馆丢了许多书。The number of workers in this factory is increasing. 这家工厂的工人数目正在增加。（三）表语表语是指跟在连系动词be, seem, look, feel, get, smell, b

18、ecome等词后面的词语或从句，用以说明主语的身份、特征、和状态。由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语、现在分词（短语）、过去分词（短语）、从句等充当。1、名词作表语I was a worker at that time. 那时我还是个工人。2、代词作表语These sweets are mine, those are yours. 这些糖果是我的，那些是你的。Who is it? 是谁呀？Its me/I. 是我。注：当人称代词作表语时，在口语中常用宾格，在正式文体中用主格。3、形容词作表语You will feel better after taking this med

19、icine. 服了这药你会感到好一些。The girl is quite pretty. 这个姑娘长得相当漂亮。The price sounds reasonable. 这价格听起来还是公道的。4、数词作表语We are altogether fourteen. 我们一共四十个人。Five plus seven is twelve. 五加七是十二。5、副词作表语Is your father in? 你父亲在家吗？The meeting is over. 会议结束了。6、 介词短语作表语My books are on the desk. 我的书在书桌上。They are at home now.

20、 他们现在在家。7、 动词不定式短语作表语My job is to teach them English. 我的工作是教他们英语。The question is when to start. 问题是什么时候开始。His wish is to become a teacher. 她的愿望是成为一名教师。8、 现在分词（短语）作表语What he likes is reading novels. 他的喜好是读小说。9、 过去分词（短语）作表语His cup is broken. 他的杯子碎了。Are you excited about your new job? 你对你的新工作感到高兴吗？10、

21、从句作表语The question is what we should do first. 问题是我们先干什么。（四）宾语1、直接宾语宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者，用在及物动词或相当与及物动词的短语动词之后。可以作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、名词化的形容词、现在分词（短语）、从句等。（1）名词作宾语She is playing the piano now. 她正在弹钢琴。 Please open the door? 请把门打开好吗？Can you drive a car? 你会开车吗？（2）代词作宾语She often helps us with our study. 他常常

22、帮助我们学习。 We should keep these in mind. 我们应该记住这些。All the students in our class should help one another. 我们全班应该互相帮助。You neednt look at me like that. 你不必那样瞧着我。（3）数词作宾语I like the first. 我喜欢第一个。（4）不定式（短语）作宾语He tried to catch up with his classmates. 他设法赶上他的同学。Id like to be able to dance. 我希望能跳舞。（5）名词化的形容词作

23、宾语We should respect the old. 我们应尊敬老人。The scientists may find out the unknown. 科学家们可以发现不知道的事物。He is always helping the poorer than himself. 他总是帮助比他穷困的人。（6）现在分词（短语）作宾语Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it. 你一看完这本书就还回图书馆。He stopped smoking last week. 他上星期戒烟了。He denied visiting

24、 her house. 他否认去过她的家。（7）从句作宾语She said that she was busy. 她说她很忙。The mother asked how her daughter was. 母亲问她的女儿身体如何。2、间接宾语在英语中，有些及物动词，如bring, give, send, show, tell, teach, lend, pass 等，可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫做间接宾语，指物的叫做直接宾语，间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。如：Can you give me any information on this matter? 你能给我提供这些事的任何信

25、息吗？Write me a letter every month, please. 请每月给我写封信。Can you lend me the same ruler as was used yesterday? 你能借给我昨天用的同一把尺子吗？有时，也可以在间接宾语之前加介词to或for，构成介词短语，并把这个短语放在直接宾语之后。如：Mather bought the handkerchief for you, not for me. 母亲是给你的，而不是给我买的手帕。I took it to the policeman on duty. 我把它交给了值勤的警察。（五）定语定语是修饰名词或代词

26、的。定语有前置定语和后置定语之分。一般来说，形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格等作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语；而副词、介词短语、不定式短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、从句作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之后作后置定语。1、形容词作前置定语It is a difficult problem. 这是一个棘手的问题。He said he had an important meeting to attend. 他说他有一个重要的会议要出席。2、代词作前置定语His birth-place is Beijing; Mine si Shanghai. 他的出生地是北京，我的出生地是上海。May

27、I have your name, please? 请问您的大名？3、数词作前置定语We have four lessons in the morning. 上午我们上四节课。Tom is their second son. 汤姆是他们的第二个儿子。When I sat down, a fourth man rose to speak. 我坐下后第四个人又起来发言。4、名词或名词所有格作前置定语I do morning exercises every day. 我每天做早操。We should follow the doctors advice. 我们应听医生的嘱咐。5、副词作后置定语Who

28、is the man over there? 那边的男人是谁？Every night, the man upstairs came back late. 每天晚上，楼上的那个人回来很晚。6、介词短语作后置定语A college in London had agreed to take me. 最后伦敦的一所院校同意接受我。The book on the desk is interesting. 桌上那本书很有趣。7、不定式短语作后置定语Can you give me some work to do? 你能给我什么活儿干吗？He needs a place to live in. 他需要有个住的

29、地方。8、现在分词短语作后置定语The boy sitting at the desk is called Tom. 坐在书桌旁的那个男孩叫汤姆。9、过去分词短语作后置定语There is a little difference between written English and spoken English. 书面英语和口头英语有些不同。（单个过去分分词作前置定语）I hate to see letters written in pencil. 我讨厌看用铅笔写的信。10、从句作后置定语The car thats parked outside is mine. 停在外面的汽车是我的。（限

30、制性从句）Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 我在外面看见你的汽车了，它给另一辆车撞了。（非限制性从句）（六）状语1、状语的表现形式状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。可用作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、从句等。（1）副词作状语They work hard. 他们努力工作。This is even better than that. 这个比那个好。I am truly sorry to hear that. 听到那件事我确实很不安。I dont quite agree wi

31、th you. 我不同意你的观点。It is very nice today. 今天天气很好。（2）名词作状语The coat costs 40 dollars. 这件上衣值40美元。Come this way, please. 请这边走。Wait a moment. 等一会儿。They worked day and night. 他们日夜工作。（3）介词短语作状语She will arrive on Monday. 她将于星期一到达。Without his help, we couldnt work it out. 如果没有他的帮助，我们不可能解决这个问题。They were glad at

32、 the news. 他们听到这个消息很高兴。（4）不定式作状语To kill bugs, spray the area regularly. 为了杀死臭虫，这地方要经常喷洒。They stopped to have a rest. 他们停下来休息。（5）现在分词（短语）作状语They entered the room, talking and laughing. 他们又说又笑地走进房间。（6）从句作状语She wont come to work today because she is ill. 她今天没来上班是因为病了。I will return the book to you on Mo

33、nday if I have read it by then. 如果星期一读完了，那我会把书还给你的。She has lived alone since her husband died. 自丈夫去世后她一直独自生活。2、状语的分类状语按照内容可以分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、方式状语、程度状语、频度状语、伴随状语。（1）时间状语What were you doing at ten last night? 昨晚十点钟你在干什么？At that time, she was working in a factory. 那时她在工厂工作。(2)地点状语I met P

34、rofessor Wu at the library. 我在图书馆遇见了吴教授。注：如果句中既有时间状语，又有地点状语，则地点状语通常方阵时间状语之前。如：Ill meet him at the school gate tomorrow. 明天我们要在学校门口与他见面。（3）原因状语Because she was ill, Mary lost her job. 玛丽由于生病，失去了工作。Having no money, he could not buy the TV set. 因为没有钱，他不能买电视机。（4）目的状语In order to get into a good school, he

35、 studies hard day and night. 为了考入一个好的学校，他夜以继日地苦读。He lit a fire so that he would be warm. 他生火取暖。（5）结果状语The wind blew with such force that people could hardly stand up against it. 风很大，人们几乎站不住。It continued raining all that day, so that I could not stir abroad. 那天下一天雨，我没法出去。（6）条件状语I cant do it without y

36、our help. 没有你的帮助，我做不成这件事。If it rained, I went by car.如果那时下雨，我就乘车走了。（7）让步状语Whatever/No matter what I said, he refused to go. 不论我说什么他都不愿走。They succeeded in spite of all difficulties. 尽管困难重重，他们还是成功了。（8）方式状语He knew the country around as he knew his own house. 他了解那儿的乡村一如他了解自己的房舍。（9）程度状语放在被修饰的词之前，但enough一

37、词则放在形容词之后。We are very busy. 我们很忙。This problem is difficult enough. 这个问题够难的。（10）频度状语作频度状语的副词always, often, usually, seldom, ever, never 等一般放在实意动词之前，连系动词之后。如：They have already done their homework. 他们已经做完作业。Well never forget your kindness. 我们永远忘不了你的好意。She almost forgot about the whole thing. 她几乎忘了整个事情。

38、They are always late for school. 他们总是上学迟到。They can hardly stay at home alone. 他们几乎不单独在家。He has never been there. 他从来没去过那里。（11）伴随状语They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip. 他们正在吃早餐，谈论着旅行计划。She stood there, listening to the radio. 她站在那里，听着收音机。（七）宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除了要有一个直接宾语外，还要带上宾

39、语补足语，句子的意思才能完整。宾语和宾语补足语（简称宾补）一起构成复合宾语，二者之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。可以作宾补的有形容词、副词、名词、不定式（短语）、现在分词（短语）、过去分词（短语）、介词短语等。如：1、形容词作宾语补足语I made the room beautiful. 我把房子拾掇得漂漂亮亮的。No one ever saw him angry. 从未有人见他恼怒过。2、副词作宾语补足语Keep the lights on while you are out. 你不在家时，请开着灯。He found the meeting over when he arrived there. 他

40、到那里时，发现会议已经结束了。3、名词作宾语补足语They named the child John. 他们给孩子取名约翰。They made him head of the group. 他们选他当小组长。 4、不定式短语作宾语补足语What do you want me to do? 你希望我为你做些什么事？The doctor advised Mary to have more exercises. 大夫劝玛丽多锻炼。注：当动词hear, feel, make, watch, see, observe 等词后面的宾语补足语是不定式时，在主动语态中，不定式前面的“to”必须省略；在被动语态

41、中，不定式前面的“to”不能省略。如：I heard someone knock at the next door. 我听见有人敲隔壁房间的门。I saw him run away. 我看到他逃跑了。5、现在分词（短语）作宾语补足语I saw him coming last night. 我昨晚看见他来了。Arent you ashamed to have everybody laughing at you? 你弄得人们都笑你，难道不害臊？6、过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语I had my watch mended in town. 我在城里修的表。（叫别人修的表）When you talk,

42、you have to at least make yourself understood. 你说话，至少要让别人听懂。7、介词短语作宾语补足语You should put your things in order. 你应该把你的东西摆整齐。Make yourselves at home. 你们请随意。（八）主语补足语英语中补足主语的意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语，常见的有形容词、名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词、从句等。如：Tired and sleep, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。（形容词用作主语补足语常置于主语前。）The man, cruel beyond bel

43、ief, didnt listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置信地残酷，不听取他们的恳求。（形容词有时也置于主语之后，前后皆有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。）You act strange. 你有点异乎寻常呀。（主语补足语常置于谓语动词之后，形成“主+谓+主补”结构。）He got off the bench very nervous. 他很不安地从长凳上下来。 （主语补足语置于宾语之后，形成“主+谓+宾+主补”结构。）He was called Oliver. 他名叫奥利弗。（名词作主语补足语。）He was seen to go upstairs. 有人看见他上楼去了。（不定式作主语补足语。）Starting as a street vendor, he is now general manager of a trading corporation in Shanghai. 他原来是一个街道摊贩，现在则是上海一家贸易公司的总经理。（现在分词短语作主语补足语。）He came home quite changed. 他回到家时已完全变了。（过去分词短语作主语补足语。）He came home out of happiness. 他回到家时很不高兴。（介词短语作主语补足语。）People are just born w