苏宁云商家电连锁企业物流配送现状及优化研究外文文献-03210141-周明东

1、东南大学成贤学院毕业设计(论文)外文文献 经济管理 系 物流管理 专业学 生 姓 名： 03210141 学 号： 周明东 设 计 地 点： 东南大学成贤学院 指 导 教 师： 陈瑞彬 中国家电零售连锁企业的配送问题研究摘要：中国家电零售连锁企业的发展非常迅速，然而与此同时基础的物流设施却发展地很慢。物流配送的缓慢发展阻碍了家电的销售和该连锁条的管理。因此，根据家电零售连锁管理物流配送发展的现状，我们应该采取有效的措施来完善物流配送系统，只有这样大型的家电零售连锁企业才能真正从物流系统中受益。关键词：家电物流 配送中心 物流人才零售连锁管理的最大的特点和优势是规模效应，然而如果没有配送中心的高

2、效运作，规模效应是无法实现的。目前，中国的家电零售连锁企业发展地非常快。然而，物流配送系统的建设却仍然处于初级阶段。因此，配送方式和运作水平就比较落后，这给家电零售连锁企业的进一步发展带来了巨大的阻碍。1 中国家电零售连锁企业物流配送中存在的问题1.1 配送中心的选址和建设不标准以及基础设施落后首先，配送中心的选址不科学。由于家电零售连锁企业缺乏对选址重要性的认识以及对物流管理潜在优势的认识，因此当他们为配送中心选址时，他们只简单地考虑仓库的租金而很少考虑到配送成本，配送效率和服务质量。偏远的仓库选址和恶劣的交通状况将影响每辆车的配送效率。第二，很多家电零售连锁企业的配送中心的建设不标准。很多

3、配送中心缺乏足够的停车位和标准的搬运平台，随意停车以及搬运无法提高货物的进出效率，很容易导致货损和货差。配送中心的搬运、装卸、打包和货物的拣选基本上都是由人力来完成的，很容易带来人为的破坏和操作的低效率。配送中心的建设规模没有按照商品流动的情况科学地规划，这将导致配送中心的浪费和无法很好地存储商品。存储位没有被均匀地安排并且没有意识到规模管理的优势。1.2 配送车辆的准备不科学和配送人员的安排不合理家电零售连锁企业主要采用配送的方式，有的家电零售连锁企业的配送数量的波动比较大。为了保证商品的顺畅配送，企业都在销售旺季准备了很多的配送车辆，然而这却导致了车辆使用率的低下。目前，家电中心的人力派遣

4、主要是通过人力来完成。人力派遣的完成主要依靠派遣人员的经验，人力派遣区域所需的运输方式和运输工具的容量，这种派遣很容易导致低的车辆使用率和混乱的配送路线。1.3信息的不畅通导致物流的落后家电零售连锁企业物流系统的电子化，现代化和信息化的程度很低，这种状况限制了物流系统的高效运作。由于信息的不畅通，导致零售连锁企业缺乏对物流运输整个过程的有效管理和控制，主要表现在以下几个方面：在商品装载，车辆行程安排和运输路线方面缺乏正确的管理；在零售连锁中商品配送信息缺乏相互的沟通和协调，导致物流配送的高成本。从供应连锁的角度讲，大部分的家电零售连锁企业没有做好与供应商的沟通与交流，同时也没有尽力拓展物流信息

5、的功能。1.4 对物流运作的重要性认识不足和缺乏物流系统供应连锁理论的指导大多数家电零售连锁企业对物流运作重要性的认识还不够充分，这些企业只把物流部门当做协调和支持采购和销售部门的一个辅助部门。在企业内部，物流，采购，销售和售后服务没有通过程序和有序的安排组织在一起；在企业外部，供应商，消费者和物流资源没有被有效地整合在一起。这些企业没有采取主动的措施来整合家电供应连锁进而从供应连锁管理的战略角度为物流制定计划，这将给物流成本的降低和物流系统运作效率的提高带来不良的影响。1.5 物流专业人才的匮乏从事物流配送的人员应该拥有一定的物流专业知识和实践经验。但是，在中国物流方面人才培养的教育非常落后

6、。完善的物流教育系统和人才培养系统还没有建立，致使物流方面的专业人才匮乏。特别是社会缺乏那种既掌握现代物流配送的运作技术又拥有物流配送管理能力的复合型高级人才，这将成为中国家电物流配送进一步发展的巨大的障碍。2 完善家电零售连锁企业配送系统的措施根据家电零售连锁管理的物流配送的特点和发展状况可知，只有采取有效的措施来完善物流配送系统，大型的家电零售连锁企业才能够获得相应的物流系统的服务。2.1 配送中心的选址应该科学化，建设应该标准化首先，配送中心的选址和规模应该被科学地规划。配送中心的选址将直接对配送的速度和流通的费用产生影响。此外，它还跟配送中心的服务水平和服务质量紧密地联系在一起。根据一

7、定的顾客服务的水平，配送中心选址的基本标准是以最少的物流成本来完成商品的运输。配送中心的选址应该考虑运输的次数，运输的状况，承诺的服务时间，库存成本和配送费用等等。当决定配送中心的规模的时候，应该根据每个销售点的需求量来确定总的需求量。规划整个配送中心的区域的时候，不同的物料存储点应该被合理地分开以及每个存储点的占有的区域应该固定。当根据配送中心的规模制定决策的时候，我们应该考虑到分支的发展需求和制定一个相当长期的规划，只有这样每个配送中心才能达到相应的经济规模。其次，配送中心的建设应该标准化。配送中心的机械化和自动化水平应该得到提高。在物流的过程中配送中心的搬运和装卸活动应该被合理地管理，因

8、此，这些活动才能成为提高物流速度的一个关键部分。此外，搬运和装卸活动会消耗掉大量的劳动力，而这些搬运和装卸的成本占物流成本的一大部分，因此这些活动给配送中心的建设提出了很高的要求。家电零售连锁企业的配送中心应该拥有运作平台和足够的停车位。除此之外，配送中心附近的运输状况应该非常良好。配送中心应该逐渐地向机械化方向发展，搬运和装卸应该加速采用电脑管理软件来管理车辆的派遣和行程的安排，这样可以减少车辆派遣的安排时间，可以更合理地安排配送区域和路线，还可以增加车辆的使用率。2.2 合理地优化和调整运力运力应该根据家电的销售即所谓的“波动”的特点被合理地优化和调整。运力的准备应该具有灵活性和可调整性。

9、在能够保证旺季货物能够及时地配送和承运人基本利润的前提下，配送中产生的运输费用应该被降低。首先，企业应该合理地控制常规的运力和确保所有的常规车辆能够保证日常的货物销售的顺畅配送。在销售顶峰到来之前，企业能够提前通知承运人提供一些临时的运力。其次，企业应该整合和提高承运人的结构。为了保护已有运力的灵活性，企业应该寻求与那些拥有较强的综合救援能力的承运人合作。此外，企业还应该加强运费委托合同和运力保证的法律约束。企业还要在合同框架下跟承运人就销售旺季提供临时运力提前达成协议。第三，企业可以采用区域性的合同。对于配送中心来说，区域性的合同能够简化行程安排和人力派遣的工作，可以增加车辆行程安排的合理性

10、。对于承运人来说，因为他们只掌控一些小范围的区域，他们对所掌控的区域内的交通状况非常清楚，也非常熟悉该区域的配送状况，这将有利于他们制定科学合理的车辆行程安排计划。最后，企业应该加强训练，合理安排以及提高承运人临时提供的车辆的配送能力。通过对业务和服务技巧的培训，企业能够保证新进的货物递送员非常熟悉服务的技巧和业务知识，因此配送服务的顾客满意率和货物配送成功率都将得到提高。除了运输技能和装备外，配送的合理安排也是配送的运输效率提高的一个重要因素。配送的指导和行程安排应该科学和合理，并且要和物流系统在配送方面的高效的要求一致。配送运输之间的联系应该畅通无阻。配送中心应该根据大量的信息来为车辆和递

11、送员以及配送线路制定合理的计划。2.3 积极地采用物流信息系统对信息物流配送的描述如下：数据库和编码技术被应用到物流信息的收集中；电子设备和电脑被应用到物流信息的处理过程；物流信息的传输被标准化和及时化；数字装置被应用到物流信息的储存中。通过采用高级的物流信息系统，一个现代化的管理平台就被建立起来了，该平台的建立能够推动客户关系的管理，能够完善配送行程安排，能够提高库存的管理水平以及实现在线的交易。现代化的管理平台同样可以被应用于货物的管理，规模的分析以及成本的核查。通过这种方式，物流，资金流和信息流被整合到一起，物流的信息处理能力更先进，同时信息流的通畅度，速度，准确性和效率将得到提高。与此

12、同时，现代物流信息系统应该和物流程序的重建联系在一起，通过这种方式来缩短程序的距离和时间以及从根本上提高物流配送的效率。2.4 从供应连锁的角度整合物流系统在信息技术的帮助下，对于那些依靠上下游企业资源和结合信息流，资金流与物流的循环型企业来说，整合上下游的家电行业的资源，减少整个家电行业的总成本，以及建立家电供应连锁系统已经成为一种趋势。首先，从内部企业开始，内部的物流资源可以通过配送中心被整合。采购，销售和物流应该被看成一个整体，企业的内部物流运作的整体成本应该被降低。其次，应该对企业的物流运作从整个供应连锁的角度进行分析。根据供应商，零售商和物流服务商之间的内部关系，供应连锁的思维被用来

13、整合和管理物流的救援和业务，进而实现降低物流供应连锁总成本的目标。供应连锁上有效管理战略的采用能够显著地降低物流供应连锁的总成本和供应连锁的库存水平，提高信息共享的程度，加强彼此之间的交流，维护战略合作伙伴之间运作的持续和带来巨大的竞争优势，进而实现整个供应连锁上企业业绩的提升。2.5 竭力培养物流管理方面的人才家电零售连锁企业应该对物流人才的状况进行仔细的分析，并且要采用合适的方法来优化人才的安置机制。首先，他们应该分析哪里的物流人才比较匮乏并且采用不同的方法来满足不同的岗位需求。对于一般的的岗位，他们应该通过完善的规章制度和培训系统来保证新进的员工能够通过短期的培训掌握该岗位的业务要求。对

14、于特殊的岗位，企业应该让招募团队到市场上去寻求合适的人才。其次，企业还应该为那些适合自己的物流经理建立合适的培训系统。这种培训应该是动态的，并且要把重点放在质量上而不是机械的个人充电模式上。通过人才培养的方式，例如企业内部的辅导系统，集中的培训系统，企业大学系统和“大学的定向培养系统”，企业的配送业务在拥有充足的人才的基础上将会取得更合理健康的发展。外文原文Research on the Issue of the Distribution of Household Electrical Appliance Retail Chain Enterprises in ChinaXinxue Liu

15、,International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 3, No. 5.AbstractThe household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises in china develop rapidly, whilst the basic logistics facilities lagged behind. The slow development of logistics distribution blocks the further development of househo

16、ld electrical appliance sale and chain management. Therefore, effective measures shall be taken, according to the current situation of the development of logistics distribution for household electrical appliance retail chain management, so as to improve logistics distribution system so that the rapi

17、d growth of large household retail chain enterprises can be endowed with logistics system guarantee.Keywords: Household electrical appliance logistics, Distribution center, Talents in logisticsThe magnificent characteristic and advantage of chain management is scale effect, while the scale effect ca

18、nnot be achieved without the high-efficient operation of distribution center. At present, the household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises in china are developing rapidly. However, the construction of logistics distribution system is still at its primary stage. Therefore, the distribution

19、 modes and operation levels lag far behind, which lays a huge block for the further development of household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises.1. Problems existing in the logistics distribution of large household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises in China1.1 The location-choo

20、sing and construction of distribution center are not standard and the basic facilities are backwardFirst of all, the location-choosing of distribution center is not scientific. When choosing locations for distribution center, because household retain chain enterprise lack awareness of the significan

21、ce of location-choosing and lack talents in the logistics management, they just simply consider the rent of the storage and seldom analyze according to the distribution costs, distribution efficiency and service quality. The remote location of the storage places and the poor traffic condition will i

22、nfluence the distribution efficiency of each vehicle.Secondly, the construction of distribution centers of many household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises is not standard. Many distribution centers do not have adequate parking lots and standard stevedoring platforms. The random parking

23、and stevedoring is not good for improving “in-and-out storage” efficiency and is easy to cause cargo damage and cargo discrepancy. The stevedoring, handling, piling and selecting of cargo in the storages of the distribution centers are basically done by labors, which will easily bring about human-da

24、mage to the commodities as well as low efficiency.The construction scale of distribution center is not calculated scientifically according to the flow of commodities, which will result in waste of the distribution center or failure in holding commodities as demanded. The “web notes” are not arranged

25、 uniformly and can not realize the advantage of scale management.1.2 The preparation of distribution vehicles is not scientific and the arrangement of distribution labor is not reasonable.The distribution of household retail chain enterprises mostly adapts carrier mode. The amount of household elect

26、rical appliance fluctuates greatly. In order to assure the smooth distribution of commodities, enterprises prepare distribution vehicles according to that needed in hot seasons, resulting in low average use rate of vehicles.At present, the labor dispatch of household electrical appliance centers is

27、done by persons. The labor dispatch of distribution is finished according to the experience of labor dispatching personnel, the transportation requirement of labor dispatching region and the carrying capacities of vehicles, which will easily result in low storage rate of vehicles and irrational dist

28、ribution route.1.3 The block of information flow results in the backwardness of logistics.The electronic, modernized and information degree of the logistics system household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises is rather low, which severely restricts the high-efficient operation of logistic

29、s system. For the block of information flow, the chain retail industry lacks effective management and control over logistics transportation, which is mainly shown as follows: there is not exact management over commodity loading, vehicle scheduling and transportation route; the commodity distribution

30、 information among the chain slops lack mutual coordination, resulting in high cost of logistics distribution. From the angle of supply chain, most of household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises do not do well in the communication with suppliers and in the exertion of the extension funct

31、ion of logistics information.1.4 The importance attached to logistics operation is not enough and the logistics system is not directed by supply chain theory.The importance attached to logistics operation by most of household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises is not enough. Those enterpr

32、ises just consider logistics department as an auxiliary department to cooperate and support purchase and sale. Inside the enterprises, the logistics, purchase, sale and after-sale service are not organized through procedures or arranged uniformly; Outside the enterprises, the suppliers, users, and l

33、ogistics resources are not integrated effectively. The enterprises do not take initiative to integrate the supply chain for household electrical appliance so as to make plans for logistics from the strategic perspective of supply chain management, which brings no good for cutting down logistics cost

34、s and improving the operation efficiency of logistics system.1.5 The lack for professional talents in logistics.Staff engaged in logistics distribution shall possess certain knowledge in logistics and practicing experience. However, in China, the education on the cultivation of talents in logistics

35、distribution lags behind. Perfect logistics education system and talent training system have not yet been established, resulting in lack of professionals in logistics. Especially, the society is straitened for compound high-class professionals who master both the operation techniques of modern logis

36、tics distribution and the management of logistics distribution, which restricts the further development of the logistics distribution of household electrical appliance in China.2. The measures for improving the distribution system of household electrical appliance retail enterprisesAccording to the

37、characteristics and development condition of logistics distribution in household electrical appliance retail chain management, effective measures shall be adopted to improve logistics distribution system so that large household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises can be provided with guara

38、ntee of logistics system.2.1 The location-choosing of distribution centers shall be scientific and the construction shall be standardized.First of all, the location and scale of the distribution center shall be determined scientifically. The location of distribution center will exert direct influenc

39、e on the distribution speed and circulation expenses. What is more, it is closely connected with the service level and service quality of the distribution center. On the condition of warranting certain customer service level, the basic standard for choosing the location of the distribution center is

40、 to transport the commodities to the target place at the minimum logistics costs. The location-choosing of distribution center shall take into account the distribution of transportation amount, transportation condition, promised service time, storage cost and distribution fee, and etc.When deciding

41、the scale of distribution center, the overall demand amount shall be ascertained first according to the demand amount of each sale shops. Various material storage shall be divided reasonably and the occupation areas of each storage shall be fixed so as to determine the overall area of the distributi

42、on center. When making decisions on the scale of distribution center, we should take into account the development needs of branches and make comparative long-term planning so that the distribution center of each branch has correspondent distribution economy scale.Secondly, the construction of distri

43、bution center shall be standardized. The mechanical and automotive level of the distribution center shall be improved. In the process of logistics, the stevedoring and handling activities are conducted at the distribution center. The frequency of stevedoring and handling activities is far higher tha

44、n other logistics activities. Hence, those activities become a key part in raising logistics speed. What is more, the stevedoring and handling activities will consume much labor. The cost of stevedoring and handling accounts for a large part in logistics costs. Therefore, those activities lay high r

45、equirements on the construction of the distribution center. The distribution center of household electrical appliance retail chain enterprises shall have operation platform and adequate parking lots. Besides, the transportation condition around the distribution center shall be in good order. The dis

46、tribution center shall gradually develop towards the machine operation. Stevedoring and handling shall accelerate in adopting computer management softwares for managing vehicle dispatch and scheduling so as to cut the editing time for vehicle dispatch time, to arrange the distribution regions and ro

47、utes more reasonably and to raise the use rate of vehicles.2.2 To optimize and adjust the transportation power reasonablyThe transportation power shall be reasonably optimized and adjusted according to the characteristic of household electrical appliance sale, that is “fluctuation”. The preparation

48、of transportation power shall be flexible and adjustable. Under the premise of guaranteeing the in time delivery of goods in hot seasons and the basic profits of the carriers, the transportation expenses incurred in the distribution shall be cut down.First of all, enterprises shall reasonably contro

49、l the routine transportation power and ensure that all the routine vehicles prepared could warrant the smooth distribution of goods sold daily. Before the coming of scale peak, enterprises can inform carriers in advance to provide temporary transportation power.Secondly, enterprises should integrate

50、 and improve the structure of carriers. In order to secure the flexibility of the preparation of transportation power, the enterprise must seek cooperation with carriers who are strong in recourse integration. Besides, the enterprises shall enhance the legal restriction of the entrustment contract o

51、f carriage and the guarantee of transportations power. The enterprises shall also, in the form of contract, make advance agreement with carriers for the temporary transportation power in not seasons.Thirdly, enterprises can adopt the form of regional contract. For distribution center, regional contr

52、act can simplify the work of scheduling and labor dispatch and raise the rationality of the scheduling of vehicles. For the carriers, because they are just in charge of small and regular regions, they are clear about the traffic condition of the regions that they are in charge of and are familiar wi

53、th the housing distribution of the regions, which are good for making plans scientifically for the scheduling of vehicles.At last, enterprises shall strengthen training, reasonably arrange, and improve the goods delivery capacity of vehicles temporarily provided. Through trainings on business and se

54、rvice techniques, enterprises can ensure that the newly employed goods delivers know well service techniques and business knowledge so that the customer satisfaction rate of the distribution service and goods delivery success rate can be raised.Besides the transportation skill and equipments, the re

55、asonable arrangement of distribution is also important in determining the transportation efficiency of distribution. The direction and scheduling of distribution shall be scientific and reasonable and conform to the high-efficiency requirements of logistics system on distribution. The connection of

56、distribution transportation shall be smooth. The distribution center shall, according to the scale information, make plans for arranging vehicles and delivers and reasonably arrange distribution ways.2.3 To actively adopt advances logistics information systemThe information logistics distribution is

57、 represented as follows: the database and code are used in the collection of logistics information; electronic equipments and computers are used in the processing of logistics information; the transfer of logistics information is standardized and is timely; and digital devices are used in storing lo

58、gistics information. Trough the adoption of advanced logistics information system, a modern management platform is set up so as to push the management of relationship with clients, to improve distribution scheduling, to dynamically manage storage, and to realize on line transaction dealing. The mode

59、rn management platform can also be used in the management of goods, the scale analysis, and costs checking. By this way, the logistics, capital flow and information flow are integrated and the information process of logistics is advanced and the smoothness, speed, exactness and efficiency of information flow are raised. At the same time,