英国会计准则课堂演讲PPT

1、 英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。其是由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰，爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰以及一系列附属岛屿共同组成的一个西欧岛国。除本土之外，其还拥有十四个海外领地1 ，总人口超过6400万，以英格兰人为主体民族。 在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利，但国力严重受损。到20世纪下半叶大英帝国解体，资本主义世界霸主的地位被美国取代。不过，现在英国仍是一个在世界范围内有相当影响力的大

2、国 。 1688年的光荣革命确立英国君主立宪政体，英国是世界上第一个工业化国家，首先完成工业革命，国力迅速壮大。18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球七大洲，是当时世界上最强大的国家，号称日不落帝国。 泰晤士河 River Thames伦敦塔桥 Tower Bridge 威斯敏斯特宫 Palace of Westminster 白金汉宫 Buckingham Palace 英国是世界上最早创立会计师制度的国家，早在1854年苏格兰特许会计师协会（ICAS）便在英国苏格兰的爱丁堡市创立。 除此之外，英国的会计师专业发展亦是全球最发达的地区。由于英国政府采用会计师专业团体多元竞争的特色，促使

3、在英国境内出现了世界上两大会计师公会。这包括欧洲最大的会计师公会 - 英格兰及威尔士特许会计师协会（ICAEW），及世界上规模最大之一和最为国际化的会计师公会 - 特许公认会计师公会（ACCA）。 BackgroudBackgroudAccounting in the United Kingdom developed as an independent discipline,pragmatically responding to the needs and practices of business. It now still allowed accountants considerable

4、felxibility in the application of professional judgment.the EU Directives - the most important source of development in company law since the 1970sThe United Kindom was the first country to develop an accountancy profession.Professional accounting thinking and practice were exported to Australia, Ca

5、nada, the United States,and other former British pessessions. pragmatically:实用主义地 20世纪是“会计规范的世纪”（亨德里克森语）。自20世纪30年代美国率先制定会计准则以来，英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等英语国家相继制定了会计准则；1973年国际会计准则委员会（IASC，现已改为IASB）成立，共发布了41项国际会计准则；许多发展中国家（包括我国）也陆续加入了制定会计准则的行列；近年来，一些大陆法系国家（如德国、法国等）也相继成立了会计准则制定机构，开始制定本国的会计准则。一时间，会计准则的影响风靡整个世界，会计

6、准则已成为适应市场经济和资本市场发展、促进国际资本流动的一种最有效的会计规范形式。背景cataloguecatalogue1Accounting Regulationg & Accounting Regulationg & Enforcement Enforcement 2 Financial ReportingFinancial Reporting3 Accounting MeasurementsAccounting MeasurementsTow major sources of financial accounting panies law-公司法.accouting professio

7、n-职业会计Activities of companies are broadly governed by statues called companies acts.It have been updated,extended,and consolidated through the years.eg:adding statutory rules; sets out five basic accounting principles: .revenues and expenses are matched on an accrual basis .Individual asset and liab

8、ility items are valued separately .The principle of conservatism is applied .Consistent application of accounting policies from year to year is required .The going concern principle is applicable to the entity being accounted forstatutory rules：法定条例 Companies Act 1985It requires the consolidation of

9、 financial statements.The legal stipulations are general and allow considerable flexibility in case-by-case applications.It enacted legal sanctions for companies that do not comply with accounting standards. eg:consolidation of financial statement：财务合并报表legal stipulations：法律规约 CCAB Consultative Comm

10、ittee of Accountancy BodiesICAEW the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and WalesICAS the Institute of Chartered Accountants of ScotlandICAI the Institute of Chartered Accountants in IrelandACCA the Association of Chartered Certified AccountantsCIMA the Chartered Institute of Management A

11、ccountantsCIPFA the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy 1970年，ICAEW发表了一份题为“20世纪70年代会计准则意向书”的文件，提出了增强会计实务统一性、制定会计准则的目标。同时，作为该意向书的结果，ICAEW首次在 1970年建立了“会计准则筹划委员会”（ASSC），以推动会计准则的制定工作。从1970年到1976年，英国另外五个会计职业团结陆续加入了 ASSC的组织，ASSC获得了一次改组。1976年，英国六大会计职业团体联合成立了“会计团体咨询委员会”（CCAB），并将改组后的ASSC改名为

12、 “会计准则委员会”（ASC）。从此以后，由ASC正式开始制定英国的会计准则。在ASC与CCAB的关系上，首先由ASC制定会计准则的草案，然后提交 CCAB理事会进行讨论。因此，ASC的会计准则草案必须经CCAB批准后才能正式实施。 ASC在制定会计准则方面作了相当大的努力，它所发布的会计准则称为“标准会计实务公告”（SSAP）。ASC从1976年成立起到1990年被新的会计准则制定机构ASB取代为止，15年间共发布了25项SSAP.至今，一部分SSAP仍在被采用。DEFECTS:. Difficult to ensure the compliance of standards. Lack o

13、f conceptual framework. Allow for the possibility of different accounting methods.Only pay attention to the principles of general nature but ignore the detailed operating procedures.Standard setting time is too long.Small companies are difficult to meet the requirements of standardsCompanies Act 198

14、9: created a new FRC to overseeing its three offshoots: ASB(replaced the ASC), UITF and a Financial Reporting Review Panel. overseeing:监督 FRC an independent body ASB issue accountingstandards &FRSs guided by FREDs UITF (紧急问题工作小组)respond quickly to new problems and issue calrifications of other accou

15、nting standards and regulations estabilishAuditing Standards were designed to strengthen the accounting and audit professionBefore 2000: .just small limited liability companies must be audited .only members of first four which the six accountancy bodies listed are allow to sign audit reports 2000: C

16、CAB is in charge of the auditing standards Accounting Foundation was set up to regulate and oversee FRC : transform to APB 2003: Accounting Foundation was dissolved POB : oversees AIU Finally: AADB was established Auditing Standards：审计准则 Financial ReportingFinancial statements generally include: .Di

17、rectors report .Profit and loss account and balance sheet .Cash flow statement .Statement of total recognized gains and losses .Statement of accounting policies .Notes referenced in the financial statements .Auditors report董事会报告书利润表和资产负债表现金流量表全部已确认利得和损益表会计政策声明财务报表附注审计报告Listed companies must include:

18、1.a statement on corporate governance with disclosures on directors remuneration, audit committees and internal controls, and a declaration that the company is a going concern.2.report on social and environmental matters3.consolidated financial statements4.haif-year interm reports(the London Stock E

19、xchange required)5.basic and diluted earnings per shareSmall and medium-sized companies are exempt from many financial reporting obligations.disclosures ：披露Features1.The True and Fair View is Oerriding 真实和公允的要求至高无上2.Accounting concept clear and explicit 会计概念清晰和明确3.Attach importance to the legal envi

20、ronment 重视法律环境的制约4.A coordinated effort with the requirements of the international accounting standards 努力与国际会计准则的要求进行协调5.Gradually influenced by the European Union 渐受“欧盟”的影响Accounting Measurementsallow acquisiton & merger methodsGoodwill is calculated as the difference between the fair value of the

21、 consideration paid and the fair value of the net assets acquired.Future operating losses and reorganization costs cannot be considered in the calculation of good will,but must be reflected in post-acquisition income.Goodwill is capitalized and amortized over 20 years or less, if it is subject to an

22、 annual impairment reveiw, it may continues to another longer period.acquisiton & merger:合并goodwill:商誉amortized:分期偿还Research expenditures are written off in the year of the expenditure, and development costs may be deferred under specific circumstances.Leases that transfer the risks and rewards of o

23、wnership to the lessee are capitalized and the lease obligation is shown as a liability.The costs of providing pensions must be recognized systematically and rationally.Contingent losses are accured when they are probably and can be setimated with reasonable accuracy.Deferred taxes are calculated on

24、 timing differences.Long-term deferred tax balaces may be valued at discounted present value.Research expenditures:研发支出 evelopment costs:开发成本 Leases:租赁 lessee:承租人lease obligation: 租赁负债 liability:负债 Contingent losses:或有损失 Deferred taxes:递延税金Long-term deferred tax balaces:长期递延所得税资产 Summary of Signific

25、ant Accounting Practices in the United KindomBusiness combinations purchase or pollingPurchaseGoodwillCapitalize and amortizeAssociatesEquity method Asset valuationHistorical cost & fair valueDepreciation chargesEconomic basedLIFO inventory valuationNot permittedProbable lossesAccruedFinance leasesCapitalizesDeferred taxesAccruedReserves for income smootingSomeNow, all U.K public companies will continue to apply full IFRS. Other companies, other than those classified as small,would use IFRS for SMEs or full IFRS. Small companies would use U.K Financial Re