MedicalTerminologyAWordBuildingApproach7thEditionricech08

1、a word-building approach copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricechapter seventh editiondigestive system8 copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building appr

2、oach, seventh editionjane rice describe the digestive system. explain the primary functions of the organs of the digestive system. describe the two sets of teeth with which humans are provided. identify the three main portions of a tooth. discuss the accessory organs of the digestive system and stat

3、e their functions. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words. comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter. describe diagnostic and laboratory tests relat

4、ed to the digestive system. identify and define selected abbreviations. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice general description of the digestive or gastrointestinal system: a continuous tube beginning wi

5、th the mouth and ending at the anus. this tube is known as the alimentary canal and/or gastrointestinal tract and is about 30 feet long in adults. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice digestive system con

6、tains both primary and accessory organs for the conversion of food and fluids into a semiliquid that can be absorbed for the body to use. three main functions: digestion absorption elimination copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach,

7、 seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.1the digestive system. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice table 8-1 copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building ap

8、proach, seventh editionjane ricetable 8.1 (continued)digestive system at a glance copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricewith aging: digestive system becomes less motile. glandular secretions decrease: drier

9、 mouth less gastric juices nutrient absorption is mildly reduced. teeth are mechanically worn down. gums begin to recede. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice loss of taste buds, and food preferences chan

10、ge. gastric motor activity slows: gastric emptying is delayed. hunger contractions diminish. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice the mouth or oral cavity is formed by: the hard and soft palates at the to

11、p or roof the cheeks the tongue the lips contains the teeth and salivary glands. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice the gingivae (gums) surround the necks of the teeth. the lingual frenulum is a thin fo

12、ld of mucous membrane that connects the free portion of the tongue to the underlying epithelium. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.2oral cavity: (a) sagittal section. copyright 2012 by pearson

13、education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.2 (continued)oral cavity: (b) anterior view as seen through the open mouth. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, s

14、eventh editionjane rice the tongue: is made of skeletal muscle and is covered with mucous membrane. can be divided into: the root the pointed tip a central body papillae (elevations) and taste buds (sweet, salt, sour, and bitter) are located on the tongues surface. copyright 2012 by pearson educatio

15、n, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity. posterior margin of soft palate supports: the dangling uvula two pairs of muscular pharyngeal arches, which contain the palatine tons

16、ils the passageway between the oral cavity and the pharynx is bounded by the fauces. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice digestion begins as food is broken apart by the action of the teeth, moistened and

17、 lubricated by saliva, and formed into a bolus. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.3movement of a bolus of food from the mouth to the stomach via the esophagus. copyright 2012 by pearson educati

18、on, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice two sets: 20 deciduous teeth, also referred to as milk teeth or baby teeth 32 permanent teeth 8 incisors 4 canines 8 premolars 12 molars copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.me

19、dical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.4deciduous and permanent teeth. (a) the deciduous teeth, with the age of eruption given in months. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh edition

20、jane ricefigure 8.4 (continued)deciduous and permanent teeth. (b) the permanent teeth, with the age at eruption given in years. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice incisors: the four front teeth in each

21、dental arch. canine or cuspid teeth: larger and stronger than the incisors. premolars or bicuspid teeth: lateral to and behind the canine teeth. molar teeth: largest of the permanent set; broad crowns are adapted for grinding food. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical

22、 terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice each tooth consists of three main portions: crown neck root copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.5teeth. (a) diagrammatic section t

23、hrough a typical adult tooth. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.5 (continued)teeth. (b) the adult teeth. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word

24、-building approach, seventh editionjane rice the pulp cavity: is found in the interior of the crown and the center of each root. receives blood vessels and nerves, which enter the root canal through an opening called the apical foramen. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.me

25、dical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice root sits in a bony socket called an alveolus. collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament extend from the dentin of the root to the bone of the alveolus, creating a strong articulation known as a gomphosis. a layer of cementum (a

26、 thin layer of bone) covers the dentin of the root, firmly anchoring the periodontal ligament. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice dentin the solid portion of the tooth, which forms the bulk of the tooth

27、. enamel covers the exposed part of the crown. is the hardest and most compact part of the tooth. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice neck the exposed portion of the tooth that marks the boundary between

28、 the root and the crown. the gingival sulcus is a shallow groove that surrounds the neck of each tooth. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice pharynx a musculomembranous tube, just beyond the mouth, that b

29、ecomes continuous with the esophagus at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice nasopharynx: the upper portion of the pharynx, above the soft palate. oropharynx: the

30、 middle portion, which lies between the palate and the hyoid bone and has an opening to the oral cavity. laryngopharynx: the lowest portion of the pharynx. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice the pharynx

31、 is a common passageway for both respiration and digestion. both the larynx, or voice box, and the esophagus begin in the pharynx. the epiglottis (a flap of tissue) blocks the opening of the larynx, preventing food from entering the airway leading to the trachea (windpipe). copyright 2012 by pearson

32、 education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice a muscular tube about 10 inches long that leads from the pharynx to the stomach. the lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter is at the junction with the stomach. this sphincter: relaxes to permi

33、t passage of food. contracts to prevent the backup of stomach contents. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice food is carried along the esophagus by a series of wavelike muscular contractions called perist

34、alsis. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice a muscular, distensible saclike portion of the alimentary canal between the esophagus and duodenum. fundus: upper region of the stomach. body: the main portion.

35、 antrum: the lower region. rugae: folds in the mucous membrane lining the stomach that contain glands that produce digestive juices. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.6stomach. copyright 2012 b

36、y pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice gastric juices help convert the food to a semiliquid state called chyme, which passes through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.

37、all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice about 21 feet long and 1 inch in diameter. extends from pyloric sphincter at base of stomach to entrance of large intestine. divided into three parts: duodenum jejunum ileum copyright 2012 by pearson educatio

38、n, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.7small intestine. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice chyme is mixed with bile and pancreatic ju

39、ice. digestion and absorption take place chiefly in the small intestine. tiny capillaries and lymph vessels absorb nutrients, which are transferred to body cells by the circulatory system. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, sev

40、enth editionjane ricetable 8-2 copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricetable 8-2 (continued) copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh

41、 editionjane rice about 5 feet long and 2.5 inches in diameter. divided into: cecum colon rectum anal canal copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.8large intestine. copyright 2012 by pearson educati

42、on, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice meconium, the first stool, is: a mixture of amniotic fluid and secretions of the intestinal glands. thick and sticky, dark green in color. usually passed 8 to 24 hours following birth. copyright 2012

43、by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice stool during the first week is loose and greenish-yellow. stool of a breast-fed baby is bright yellow, soft, and pasty. stool of a bottle-fed baby is more solid, and color varies fro

44、m yellow to brown. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice these organs are not actually part of the digestive tube but are closely related to the digestive process: salivary glands liver gallbladder pancrea

45、s copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice salivary glands located in or near the mouth. secrete saliva in response to sight, smell, taste, or mental image of food. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.al

46、l rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice salivary glands parotid submandibular sublingual copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.9salivary glands, sa

47、livary ducts and the tongue copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice liver the largest glandular organ in the body. weighs about 3 lbs. located in the upper right part of the abdomen. plays an essential role

48、in the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice carbohydrate metabolism changes glucose to glycogen and stores it until needed by body cells. when requi

49、red, glycogen is converted back to glucose. fat metabolism the liver serves as a storage place and acts to desaturate fats before releasing them into the bloodstream. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice

50、protein metabolism the liver acts as a storage place and assists in both protein anabolism and catabolism. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.10liver. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.al

51、l rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice the liver manufactures the following important substances: bile fibrinogen and prothrombin heparin blood proteins copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-buildin

52、g approach, seventh editionjane rice the liver stores iron and vitamins b12, a, d, e, and k. detoxifies many harmful substances (toxins), such as drugs and alcohol. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice ga

53、llbladder a membranous sac attached to the liver in which excess bile is stored and concentrated. concentration is accomplished by reabsorption of water. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice pancreas a la

54、rge, elongated gland situated behind the stomach and secreting pancreatic juice into the small intestine. contains cells that produce digestive enzymes. other specialized cells secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all right

55、s reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.11pancreas. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane rice newborns produce very little saliva until 3 months of age, and s

56、wallowing is a reflex action. the infants stomach is small and empties rapidly. the liver of the newborn is often immature, thereby causing jaundice. fat absorption is poor because of a decreased level of bile production. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminolo

57、gy: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.12appendectomy. the appendix and cecum are brought through the incision to the surface of the abdomen. the base of the appendix is clamped and ligated, and the appendix is then removed. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights

58、 reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.13mcburneys point is the common location of pain in children and adolescents with appendicitis. copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, sevent

59、h editionjane rice bilirubin black hairy tongue bowel buccal copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.14black hairy tongue. (courtesy of jason l. smith, md) copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.al

60、l rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ricefigure 8.15gallbladder with gallstones. (martinrotker/phototake, new york city) copyright 2012 by pearson education, inc.all rights reserved.medical terminology: a word-building approach, seventh editionjane ric