argumentationwritingPPT教学课件

1、Argumentation第1页/共22页Please read the passage and say what is argumentation With their solid-state technology, compact size, and abundant memory, portable mp3 players are the state of the art in portable music systems. In addition to solid-state memory, portable mp3 players have an advantage over CD

2、players in the amount of data they can hold. A song that requires 32MB on a CD will be reduced to about 1.6MB in the mp3 compression format. This means that even the cheapest portable mp3 player can carry around 4 hours worth of music. So if you want to listen to music any time any where, enjoy a gr

3、eat number of different stylistic songs, update the songs in a much quicker and easier way, why dont you buy a MP3 player?第2页/共22页The Definition of Argumentation Argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading. Simply to say: In this kind of essay, we not

4、 only give information but also present an argument with the PROS (supporting ideas) or CONS (opposing ideas) of an argumentative issue.第3页/共22页The purpose of argumentation is to convince, and it can be divided into three aspects: lTo make the reader agree with its point of view and support itlTo pe

5、rsuade him to change his mind or behaviorlTo approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes第4页/共22页How to write a good argumentative essay?a debatable pointsufficient and valid evidencesound logic第5页/共22页Debatable Point A debatable point is a point which can be viewed from more than one ang

6、le, and is therefore open to dispute. E.g. Solar energy is the best way of meeting Californias energy needs in the 21st century.第6页/共22页How to make sure you have a debatable point? A. Avoid mere statements of facts. E.g. Certain electronic equipment has been used in road control. Improve it to make

7、it debatable: Electronic equipment should be applied in all road control. 第7页/共22页How to make sure you have a debatable point?B. Avoid statements of personal preference. E.g. “Tom Cruise is my favorite actor.” Problem: This is a personal preference which does no lead to dispute. “Tom Cruise is the m

8、ost charming actor in Hollywood.” 第8页/共22页C. Avoid viewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verified（证实）（证实） Compare “Light pollution is harmful to peoples health.” Generally accepted “Light pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution.” Arguable How to make sure you h

9、ave a debatable point? 第9页/共22页A debatable point shouldube narrowed down. ucontain an argument .ube a topic that can be supported with adequate statistics, outside source citations, etc. Debatable Point 第10页/共22页Practice E.g. Marijuana（大麻） should be considered illegal. (too general. In some medical

10、cases, marijuana is prescribed by the doctors and the patients are encouraged to use it in case of suffering from too much pain) Revise: Selling and using marijuana in public places should be considered illegal. E.g. We should decide whether we want a bicycle or a car. (Our stand is not clear: do we

11、 support having a bicycle or a car?) Revise: If we are under the age of 30 and want a healthy life, we should definitely get a bicycle instead of a car. E.g. I feel that writing an argumentative essay is definitely a challenging task. (Feelings cannot be supported; we cannot persuade other people) E

12、xample: Stress is good for human beings. 第11页/共22页Sufficient and Valid Evidence The supporting details intended to convince readers should be sound or believable. The three common types of supporting details :reasonsevidence common knowledge第12页/共22页Types of supporting detailslReasons: general state

13、ments that support a claim, explaining why a viewpoint on an issue is reasonable or correct. Reasons should be logical (i.e. making sense) reasonable (i.e. fair)lEvidence: what writers use to support or verify reasons. Evidence should be relevant (i.e. appropriate to the case in hand), sufficient (i

14、.e. as much as you need to verify a reason)lcommon knowledge: which has been generally accepted or which everyone knows.第13页/共22页Types of evidence exemplified accepted claim e.g.Read aloud to preschool and kindergarten children improves their chances of success in school. Facts (i.e. a statement tha

15、t is true or can be verified), e.g. Firstgrade children who were read to as preschoolers learn to read earlier than children who were not read to. Statistics (i.e. facts in figures), e.g. A 1998 study demonstrated that reading aloud to children produced a 16 percent improvement in the childrens abil

16、ity to recognize words used in a story. 第14页/共22页Expert opinion e.g. Dr. Maria Morealle, a child psychologist, urges parents to read two or three childrens stories to their children daily. Examples e.g. Stories about unfamiliar places or activities increase a childs vocabulary. For example, reading

17、a story about a farm to a child who lives in a city apartment will acquaint the child with such new terms as barn, plow, and tractor. Observation from personal experience e.g. When I read to my three-year-old son, I notice that he tries to repeat words.Types of evidence exemplified第15页/共22页PracticeT

18、o live on campus - easy access to school resources: library, lab and other facilities - less money in terms of accommodation - more occasions to develop the ability to get along with others - comparatively safe - easy for the school to take care of students study and life To live off campus - more f

19、reedom and privacy - quieter environment for study - touching with society - good chance to be independentTitle:Live On Campus or Off Campus第16页/共22页sound logicInductive reasoning:from specific to generalFirstly, a native speaker can provide the learners better conversation practice. Secondly, a nat

20、ive speaker has a larger vocabulary and knows how to use them in the right context. Finally, in terms of teaching English culture, a native teacher knows much more than a non-native teacher.Deductive reasoning: from general to specificSyllogism (a three-part formula): a major premise, a minor premis

21、e and a conclusion Major premise: Big cities can be dangerous. Minor premise: New York is one of the big cities. Conclusion: New York can be dangerous.第17页/共22页Strategies used in refuting the opposing idea Compromise to prove that their argument is not powerful enough: They have a point in thinking

22、like that To a certain extent they are right Completely disagree: After seeing this evidence, there is no way we can agree with what they say. Say that their argument is irrelevant to the topic: What we are discussing here is not what they are trying to prove. Their argument is irrelevant. Avoid ove

23、rusing “perhaps, maybe, sometimes, most often, nearly always, I think, in my opinion”. They will weaken the force of your argument.第18页/共22页 Conclusion uConclusion The conclusion sentence structure is used to show the theme of the article after the previous discussion and analysis, such as: In conclusion, it is more important uConsequence Its used to reveal what would probably happen if the problem under discussion fails to be solved or if no effort is made to solve it, such as: Obviously, if we cant change t