Chapter翻译方法分析实用PPT课件

1、3.1 Literal Translation vs. Liberal/Free Translation 直译指翻译时要尽量保持原作的语言形式，包括用词、句子结构、比喻手段等，同时要求语言流畅易懂。直译并非一定是“字对字”，一个不多，一个也不少。 意译则从意义出发，只要求将原文大意表达出来，不注意细节，译文自然流畅即可。意译不注重原作形式，包括句法结构、用词、比喻以及其他修辞手段。但意译并不意味着可以将内容随意删改，或添枝加叶。很多人称直译和意译为传统的翻译方法。第1页/共21页 例如 “Georgiana, the eldest, with her black ringlets, her f

2、lashing eyes, her noble aquiline profile; her swan-like neck, and sloping shoulders, was orientally dazzling. (A. Huxley: Come Yellow)” 【译文】大小姐乔治亚娜乌发鬈鬈，双眸明亮，侧面看去，高高的鼻梁，显得颇为高贵，加上白天鹅似的柔颈，下削的玉肩，活脱脱一个令人炫目的东方美人。 【解析】原文是在描写一个颇有东方美人特征的西方美人，既然是描写美人，就不可把“aquiline nose”译为“鹰钩鼻”，因为“鹰钩鼻”很容易和“阴险狡诈”联系在一起。在英语表达中，人们

3、常用“an aquiline nose”来烘托一个人的高贵。所以，在翻译这样的词组时，就要考虑这种用词范围，注意用词选义，这里把“aquiline”意译为“高高的鼻梁”，就会再现原文所描写的美女形象。第2页/共21页3.2 Foreignizing and Domesticating method 所谓异化基本上就是以“直译”为主，要求译文尽力保留原作的语言特色，给读者以新鲜陌生感。 所谓归化大致相当于“意译”，要求译文同原作同样通顺流畅，无语言隔阂障碍。异化和归化可以被视为直译和意译的概念延伸。 直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，而异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限，将

4、视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。直译和意译主要是局限于语言层面的价值取向，而异化和归化则是立足于文化这个大语境下的价值取向，两者之间有差异。 第3页/共21页 用通俗的语言概括：异化法要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式，来传达原文的内容；而归化法则要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的译语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。 “to kill two birds with one stone”: “一石二鸟”是异化译法，“一箭双雕”，“一举两得”则是归化译法。 “All roads lead to Rome.”：“条条大道通罗马”是异化译法，“殊途同归”则是归化译法。第4页/共

5、21页 异化译法能把一种文化和语言中的信息以近乎保持其本来面目的方式贡献给另一种文化及语言，有利于两种异质文化和语言的相互交流、渗透和融合。如 They said sharp no to our proposals. 他们断然拒绝了我们的建议。通过异化翻译渠道，使大量西方文化进入汉语，丰富了内容，增强了表现力。再如 the Trojan Horse 特洛伊木马、 crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪、 Robin hood 罗宾汉 等就是很好的例子，具有异国风味和情调。 归化译法 把一种文化中的异质成分转化为另一种文化中人们所熟知的内容，使读者领略到不同文化之间不谋而合的妙趣，降低了理解

6、的难度，但失去了了解、欣赏和借鉴其他国家和民族文化的意义。 Unless youve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished. 除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。 除非你袖中藏有王牌，否则我们是输定了。第5页/共21页 例1：“Each of us has his carrot and stick. In my case, the stick is my slackening physical condition, which keeps me from beating opponents at tennis whom I overwhelmed two y

7、ears ago. My carrot is to win. ( C. Tucker: Fear of Death)” 【译文】我们人人都有自己的压力和动力。就我而言，这压力就是我日趋衰弱的身体状况，两年前还是我手下败将的网球对手，现在却打不过了。我的动力就是想赢球。 【解析】原文中使用的carrot and stick,很有可能就会译成了“胡萝卜加大棒”，让人感到莫名其妙。在词典里carrot是“诱惑（物）”，stick是“强迫（力），威胁（力）”的意思。所以，将这两个词归化成汉语的“压力”和“动力”是很自然的。归化译法不局限于原句的句子结构，可完全打破原句的框架，以大语境为前提进行翻译。第

8、6页/共21页 例2: The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away. 【译文】那还是半辈子前的事，我第一次看见她，她差一点把我的魂都勾走了。 【解析】若把took my breath away译成“把呼吸夺走了”，恐怕谁也看不懂是什么意思。下一句也同样体现了归化译法的这种特点。 例3：High buildings and large mansions are springing up like mushrooms in Beijing. 译文 在北京，高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般地涌现。

9、在北京，高楼大厦犹如蘑菇般地涌现。 因此，在进行文化传译时，既要尽量传达原作的异国情调，又要确保译文为译语读者所接受。第7页/共21页3.3 异化，归化并用互补 翻译的根本任务是忠实地再现原作的思想和风格，而原作的思想和风格都带有浓厚的异国情调，翻译中不采用异化的方法，是很难完成这一任务的；同时，又要求译文像原作一样通顺，要做到这一点，译者在语言表达中，又不得不做出必要的归化。所以，翻译时往往都是两者并用，只不过轻重程度不一样罢了。第8页/共21页 例1: I passed out of my mind, and the next thing I knew I was sitting down

10、 on the ground, very cold in the shadows, and looking up at the rock where I had been within an eyelash of eternityThere are such reflections, and for some of them I have the names. (N.S. Momaday: “The End of My Childhood”) （译文）我当时晕了过去，等醒来时，发现自己坐在地上，阴影笼罩中，只觉浑身冰冷冷的。我抬头看看上面的石壁，我刚才撑在那里险些丧生现在我还有这样的回忆，其中

11、有一些我还能说出名目来。 此段译文是异化和归化并用的产物。The next thing I knew不是译作“我所知道的下一件事”，而是译作“等醒来时，发现”; within an eyelash of eternity 不是译成“距来生只有毫发之差”，而是译成“险些丧生”，这都属于归话译法；而将 for some of them I have the names译作“其中有一些我还能说出名目来”，则属于异化译法。第9页/共21页 1. 在可能的情况下，尽量使用异化译法。一般说来，“形神皆似”的译文，通常是异化译法的结果。因此，译者在酝酿表达的过程中，应先从异化译法试起。 For exampl

12、e: Second, there is the New York of the commuter - the city that is devoured by locusts each day and spat out each night. (E. B. White: “The Three New Yorks”) 【译文】其次是家住郊区，乘公交车到市里上班的人们的纽约这座城市每到白天就被如蝗的人群吞噬进去，每到晚上又给吐出来。 【解析】译文采用了异化译法，取得了“形神皆似”的效果。3.3.1 翻译中异化与异化的具体操作第10页/共21页 2. 如果异化译法不能完全达意，或者不能完全通畅，则可

13、考虑汉语的行文习惯，做出一定的归化处理。 For example: To those visitors who come from countries where social relationships develop more slowly during a longer period of time, the American way may seem very frightening, too personal, and rude. 【译文】在一些国家里，居民的社会关系是要长期慢慢地培养的，游客习惯了这种情形，一旦到了美国，可能觉得美国人的方式可怕，过分强调个人，没有礼貌。”第11页/

14、共21页 3. 如果异化译法彻底行不通，译者应采取归化译法，舍其表层形式，传达其深层含义。 For example: With determination, with luck and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.【译文】凭着我的决心，我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于获得新生。【解析】To rise from the ashes 是个英语成语，来自埃及神话里凤凰生死循环的故事。如果一味要传达原文的形象语言，将此句话译成“我终于从灰烬中再生”，那就会使人不知所云。第12

15、页/共21页 1) Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds. There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted. 2) When we make friends, we should choose those who are our supporters in danger. (Aesop)第13页/共21页 3) Only a very slight

16、and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him. 4) All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books. 5) I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contr

17、ast between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old. 第14页/共21页译文欣赏 1)【译文】曙色中的海岛美极了，晨曦柔合，彩云片片。 澄澈的光影是无法描绘的。 2)【译文】要交朋友，要选那些我们遇到危险时支持我们的人。 3) 【译文】欢迎他的只有几下半声不响的、七零八落的、虚情假意的掌声。 4)【译文】古往今来人类的一切智慧结晶，数百年来人们 津津乐道的那些故事，我们都可以轻松地从书本中得到。 5) 【译文

18、】就是从这一天开始，我的生活和以前全然不同， 一想到这个，我就感到无比兴奋。这个重要的日子是1887年3月 3日，当时我还差三个月才满七周岁。第15页/共21页 1. My father had particularly large hands. Oil often was pounded into his palms, his fingers, filling every crease and fold. Buddy, as he was called, would scrub with soap, but the oil wouldnt give. His hands were cover

19、ed with scars, healing cuts, and freshly blackened nails. The cuts were of the sort and size that would send me, and most likely you as well, to the emergency room for stitches; for Buddy, they were commonplace.第16页/共21页 2. He read over and over all the letters which he ever had from herletters of b

20、usiness relative to the little property which he had made her believe her husband had left to herbrief notes of invitationevery scrap of writing that she had ever sent to himhow cold, how kind, how hopeless, how selfish they were! (William Thackeray: Vanity Fair)第17页/共21页 3. There are many things that we do in our own culture that we never ask questions about. We do things without thinking about them because we have always done them in the same way. When we are in another culture or with people from a different culture, we see that people do things i