高中定语从句讲义

1、9 高中定语从句高中定语从句知识点一 that（1） 以下情况多用that 1. 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which（但something, everything或anything后，偶尔也用which）Please just tell me anything (that) you know about the author of the book.Thats all (that) I could do at that I cloud

2、 do at that timeThere is little that is good to say.The book doesnt say much that amuses children.2. 先行词被any，only，all，every，no，some，much，few，little修辞时，关系代词用thatTell us all things that you know.There is no difficult (that ) they cant overcome.3. 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first，last，any，only，few，much，no，some，very

3、等词修辞，引导限制性定语从句常用关系代词that，不用which，who或whichHe is the only person that was present at the time.This is the best TV set that is made in China.No sample that we have received is satisfactory.4. 先行词被序数词修辞时，关系代词多用that This first book that the scholar wrote is about population.5. 先行词被the +very (only, last)

4、等表示唯一概念的形容词修辞时，关系代词用that The very problem that i want to solve is like this.6. 先行词既是人又是物时，关系代词用that The writer and his novels (that) the article deals with are quite familiar to us.7. 关系代词在从句中作表语时，用that Mary is no longer the girl (that) she was. He is not the bright fellow (that) he used to be.8. 先行

5、词是疑问代词who时，关系代词用that如； Who that has such a home does not love it?谁有这样的家而不爱它呢？9. 主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，关系代词多用thatWho is the person tt is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？Which of us that knows something about physics doesnt know this?我们中懂物理的人哪个不知道这个？10. 当定语从句为there be 句型，且关系代词做从句时，只能用that She is supp

6、osed to be a gifted musician that there has ever been.她被认为是所有音乐家中的一位天才音乐家。（2） 以下情况不用that1. 如果关系代词的前面有介词，则关系代词不用that The government put down the old house in which we had lived for twenty years.政府推到了我们住了20年的老房子。2. 先行词是that或those时，关系代词不用thatHe has found that which he has looked for.他找的东西已经找到了。Those wh

7、o laugh last, laugh longest.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最久。They are those who we love.他们是我们所爱的人。3. 非限定性定语从句不用关系代词that Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking.布鲁斯向火堆走去，火正在冒烟。二 as（1） 引导限定性定语从句1. 当先行词与as，so，such，the same连用或先行词本身就是such，the same时，关系代词用asThats as good a place as I can find.这是我能找到的好地方。I read as

8、many pages as are required.需要读多少页我就读多少页。Such questions as often asked by schoolboys are almost interesting.学生常问的这样一些问题大都有趣。2. such 有时置于它所修辞的先行词之后，和as连在一起。The library was full of story-books such as boys love.(= The library was full of such story-books as boys love.) 图书馆装满了孩子们喜欢的故事书。有时省去先行词，such和as连在

9、一起。The instrument is not such (an instrument) as I saw on the exhibition.这个仪器和我再展览馆里见到的不一样。（2） 引导非限定性定语 as和which的区别1) as 引导的非限性定语从句可以在句尾，也可以在句首，也可以在句中；而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能在句尾。2) as后若为is / was 过去分词构成的被动语态，is或was可省掉。Which后的is或was则不能省。3) as引导非限定性定语从句是，有“为人所熟知，显然”的含义；which 没有这层意思。 as is well known众所周知 as

10、 is often the case情况常常如此 as may be imagined可以想象得出 as often happens这种情况常常发生 as has been said before如前所述 as has been pointed out正如已经指出的 as is usual with sb (某人)经常如此 as natural 很自然 as is custom with 习惯如此4) as引导的从句往往表示一种附加说明；which引导的从句则为较重要的评说。as强调与主句和谐一致，表示一种附加的说明，如：she has married again, as seemed nat

11、ural.which 强调给以新的信息，如：He married her, which was unexpected.5) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语是，从句的谓语必须是系动词；若从句中的谓语是行为动词，则关系代词只能用which。The sun heats the earth, which bears great importance to mankind.太让使地球变暖，这对人类和重要。6) 当主句和从句之间存在着一种逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只能用which Tom is always late for school, which annoyed his teacher

12、 very much.汤姆老是上学迟到，这使老师很生气。三 which 和 whose1. 非限定性定语从句：which后面有时需要接代表前面整个句子的意思或前面句子部分内容的意思的名词，使非限定性定语从句的意思更加明确。因为which和后面名词不是所属关系所以不能用whose，如：I told him to go to a doctor, which advice he took.我告诉他去看医生，他接受了这个建议。Dont call between 12 oclock and 1 oclock, at which time I am usually having lunch.不要在12点到

13、1点这段时间打电话，我那个时间通常在吃午餐。She is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today.她正在学习经济学，这在今天非常重要。They stayed with me for two weeks, during which time they drank all the beer I had.他们跟我一起呆了两周这期间他们把我所有的啤酒都喝光了。 He believes in self-reliance, which idea I fully agree to. 他认为（人要）自立，我认同这个看法。 Cath

14、erine may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.凯瑟琳也许迟到了，那样的话我们应该等他。I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized. 我叫错他的名字了，为此我道歉。Jane spend four years in college, during which time she studied medicine.简在大学度过了四年，这那期间她学医。They bribed the officials, which practice was common

15、 here.他们贿赂官员，这样的事在这里常见。The president was liked, which circumstance was very serious.总统遇害，形式非常严峻。2. whose = of whichThe river whose banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.= The river the banks of which are covered with trees flows to the sea.= The river of which the bank are covered with trees

16、 flows to the sea.四 but在定语从句中的用法 but作为关系代词也可以引导定语从句，同具有否定意义的主角连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物。but在意义上等于“that . not”，“who . not”，“which . not”。but只用于限定性定语从句。There was not a single student in my class but ( which was not ) learnt a lot from him.我班上每一个学生都从他那里学到很多东西。There was not one house but (which was not ) was bu

17、rned down.所有的房子都被烧掉了。五 其它考点1. 不定代词+of+ which/ whom 引导的定语从句可化为of+ which/ whom+ 不定代词 结构；这也是高考常考点。其中用到的不定代词有some, any, none, both, all, many, a few, few, a little, little, either, neither, one, 等等。 There are 40 students in our class, most of whom（=of whom most）like English. These are books written by M

18、ark Twain, one of which（=of which one）was read to me by my father She has two sons, neither of whom（=of whom neither）is a teacher. She has many books, none of which(=of which none) is interesting.2. 由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，当主从句主语一致时，定语从句可缩略为：介词+ which/whom+ to do 结构 I have a small room in which I live in. =

19、I have a small room in which to live. =I have a small room to live in. He has a good friend to whom he can turn for help. =He has a good friend to whom to turn for help. =He has a good friend to turn to for help. 要注意的是，介词在前时，whom和which不可省略，介词在句尾时，whom和which必须省略。比较She is a pleasant girl with whom to

20、work.（正确）She is a pleasant girl to work with. （正确）She is a pleasant girl whom to work with.（错误）3. “名词（代词或数词）+of+whom”和“名词（代词或数词）+of +which”若用定语从句表示“从属”关系，先行词是人时，用“名词（代词或数词）+of+whom”；先行词是物时，用“名词（代词或数词）+of +which”，of前表示部分，of后表示整体。The committee consists of 20 members, 5 of whom are women.委员会由20个成员组成，其中

21、5个是女人。The book contains 50 poems, most of which were written in 1930s.这本里有50首诗，大部分写于二十世纪三十年代。4. 关系代词whose+名词 引导的定语从句可转化为 the+名词+of+ which / whom 或 of+ which/whom+ the +名词结构；of 表所属关系。 I live in a room whose windows are all broken. =I live in a room of which the windows are all broken. = I live in a r

22、oom the windows of which are all broken. This is my teacher whose handwriting is excellent. = This is my teacher the handwriting of whom is excellent. = This is my teacher of whom the handwriting is excellent.5. 如case，point，condition，situation，instance，job等表示“情况，方面”等的名词作先行词，并且不在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，那么用whe

23、re引导定语从句There are some cases where this rule does not hold good.在某种情况下，这条规则不适用。I will show you the point where you fail.我将指出你的失败所在。This is a job where you can learning something.这是一项你能从中学到东西的工作。There are many instance where he is cool-handed.他在许多情况下都是冷静的。He had to face the conditions where pressure

24、was heavy.他必须面对压力很大的情况。They are in difficult situation where all efforts seem futile.他们的处境很难，似乎一切努力都是徒劳。6. 复杂介词短语+which或whom引导的定语从句，是高考考查热点。 They finally climbed up the mountain, on top of which many strange birds were seen. Look at the photo. This is Mr. Green, in front of whom sit three students.7

25、. 在“It + 名词 +定语从句+定语从句”结构中，后面的定语从句要用thatIt is only a man who has seen much that can be a leader.只有阅历丰富的人才能当领导。It is always the mouth which talks too much that arouses troubles.言多必失。It is a man who is honest that can do the work.只有诚实的人才能到这项工作。8. which 指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特性、品质或才能的人。She is not the selfi

26、sh woman which she is generally represented.她不是平常表现出的那样的自私的人。She looks like a Russian, which you are not.她看起来像俄国人，而你不像。She did it like a clever girl which she undoubtedly is.她像一个灵巧的姑娘那样做了这件事，她无疑是一位灵巧的姑娘。 whose 与 of which 的区别我们经常可以看到引导定语从句的关系代词 whose 与 of which 相互替代。那么是不 是在任何情况下二者都可以互相替换呢 ? 它们之间的区别是什

27、么 ? 1 . 形式不同。如： The house _ windows face south is our reading - room . A . of which B . whose C . which D . its 此题正确答案是B，不能选择A。选择 of which 时应在名词前加上定冠词 the，也就是说如果名词前有 the 就只能用 of which。如果名词前没有冠词，就用 whose。如上句题干改为：The house _ the windows face south is our reading-room . 此题就只能选择答案A而不能选择B了。 2 . whose 即可以

28、指人，又可以指物，而 of which 只能用来指物。如： The boss in whose department looked down upon women . The house whose roof was damaged now has been repaired . 上面第一句不可用 of which 来改写，第二句可以。可写成：The house of which the roof was damaged has now has been repaired . 3 . of which 除了可以表示所属关系外，还可以用来表示整体的关系，而 whose 则不能。 He borro

29、wed a book of which the author was a peasant . In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals , of which 12 were won by women . 第一句中的 of which 就可以用 whose 来代替。因为这个句子中 of 是用来表示所属关系。可改写成：He borrowed a book whose author was a peasant。而第二句中的 of which 就不要用 whose 来替。因为这个句子中的 of 不是表示所属关系，而是表示整体与部分的关系。 4 .

30、 引导非限制性定语从句多用 whose，而很少用表示所属关系的介词 of 加上关系代词 which。如： There is a mysterious lake at the foot the hill , whose depth has never been measured . 山脚下有个神秘的湖，其深度从未测量过。 如介词 of 不表示所属关系，而是用来表示整体与部分的关系。此时就经常引导非限制性定语从句了。如； There are 102 elements found in nature , of which most are metals . The stories about the

31、 Long march , of which this is one example , are well writtewinwhich,forwhich,onwhich,atwhich的不同用法这些都是定语从句里面，由which引导的定语从句，介词提前。inwhich可以翻译成在里面forwhich可以翻译成为了目的onwhich可以翻译成在的上面，或具体时间的某一天atwhich可以翻译成在里面或在上面这些介词的使用除了意思上的区别，具体是要以which引导的从句而定的。例如：(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.=Thes

32、choolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.(2)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.=TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.(3)Ihaveadresserinmybedroom,whichtherearemanycosmeticson.=Ihaveadresserinmybedroomonwhichtherearemanycosmetics.(4)ThedumplingHousewhichheoftenhasdumplingsa

33、tisverypopular.=ThedumplingHouseisverypopular,atwhichheoftenhasdumplings.当然这只是介词作为基本意思的用法，还有一些固定搭配，得具体情况具体分析。例如：Theplanemaybeseveralhourslate,inwhichcasetheresnopointinourwaiting.（固定搭配：inthecase)Thespeakerpausedtoexaminehisnotes,atwhichpointaloudcrashwasheard.（固定搭配：atthepoint)Tenyearsofhardworkchang

34、edhergreatly,forwhichreasonhecouldhardlyrecognizeheratfirstsight.（固定搭配：forthereason）ThefilmatwhichIfellasleepwasveryboring.（Hereatwhichisbasedonfellasleepatthefilm因为电影无聊而睡觉。）ThelittlecreatureinwhichscientistsareinterestedisknownasET.（这里beinterestedin是词组原因）Thisisthebookforwhichheislooking.（即等于Thisist

35、hebookwhichheislookingfor，这主要是因为lookfor这一短语）例题：1.Icantbelievethattherestaurant,_Ihaveeatensuchwonderfulmeal,isgoingtobeclosedown.A.whereB.atwhichC.aboutwhich【解答】选B。这个是非限制性定语从句，atwhich在功能上等于where，但就本题而言只能选atwhich。因为atwhichIhaveeatensuchwonderfulmeal是一个插入语，where固然可以引导，但是由于前面有了一个逗号，就只能用atwhich了。“我难以相信我

36、曾经在里面美美地吃过几顿大餐的饭店就要关张了。”非限制性定语从句主要就是先行词+逗号“，”+介词+which或者是先行词+逗号“，”+which，它和限定性定语从句的最显著区别一个是有逗号，一个是非限制定语从句总有which。2.Windpowerisanancientsourceofenergy_wemayreturninnearfuture.A.onwhichB.bywhichC.towhichD.fromwhich【解答】选C。returnto其实，应该来说，就是一个固定搭配了，解释为回归到，但是呢，如果要说意思的话，也是说得通的，就是把句子换一换语序你就可以看出来了。“wemayret

37、urntowindpowerinnearfuture.”也就是说，看到prep.+which这种形式，就可以直接把它扔到动词后面，然后在进行选择，看缺少哪个介词。3.Wehavegatherednearly100,000quilts,_uptohalfhavegonetoflood-hitareas.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.forwhichD.ofwhich【解答】选D。这里的which指的是，nearly100,000quilts（被褥），也就是说，后半句的主语是在这nearly100,000quilts里面的uptohalf。例：Idontknowthereasonwh

38、y/forwhichhedidit.Thereasonwhy/forwhichhewasfiredwasnotclear.TherearemanycountriesinAsia,ofwhichChinaisthelargestone.亚洲有很多国家，中国是最大的一个。附：whose和ofwhich的区别1.关系代词whose，引导定语从句时，既可指人，又可指物，在从句中只能作定语；ofwhom只能指人；ofwhich只能指物，有时whose可以与ofwhom和ofwhich互换使用。如：ThegirlwhosehairisgoldenisfromEngland.头发金色的那个女孩是英国人。Th

39、ehousewhosedoors(ofwhichthedoors)aregreenisanofficebuilding.门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。2.“介词+whose+名词”引导定语从句。如：Ilovemymotherland,forwhosegoodfutureIwillworkhard.我爱我的祖国，为了她美好的未来我要努力工作。3.在下列情况下，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。(1)定语从句的主语是few,little,some,most,many,much等时，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。+which或者是先行词+逗号“，”+which，它和限定性定语从句的最显著区别一个是有逗号，一个是非限制定语从句总有which。2.Windpowerisanancientsourceofenergy_wemayreturninnearfuture.A.onwhichB.bywhichC.towhichD.fromwhich【解答】选C。returnto其实，应该来说，就是一个固定搭配了，解释为回归到，但是呢，如果要说意思的话