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1、The Great Lakes RegionWatershed of the Great Lakes Two Nations, 8 States, 2 Provinces 42 Million People 4th Largest Economy in the World 100 Giga watts of Current Generating Capacity 1000 Giga watts of Wind Potential On and Offshore第1页/共27页Current Land-Based Wind Generating Capacity Within the Great

2、 Lakes Region第2页/共27页第3页/共27页A Wave of Wind Power Development Was About to Break Across the Great Lakes Region In 2006 Representative Marci Kaptur (Ohio), the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Protection Agency and Others Organized a Conference in Toledo entitled: Toward Wildlife-Friendly

3、Wind Power In 2007 NREL and the National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Convened a Meeting of 45 Great Lakes Wind Stakeholders in Chicago US and Canadian Stakeholders Formed the Great Lakes Wind Collaborative in Buffalo in 2008第4页/共27页第5页/共27页Region and Beyond 2011第6页/共27页4. Offshoreo Background Pa

4、pers on Current Offshore Regulations, Water Dependency (State and Federal Regulations), Public Trust Doctrine-University of New York at Buffalo 2009o Offshore Siting Principles and Guidelines for Wind Development on the Great Lakes-GLWC 2009Offshore Siting Principles and Guidelines for Wind Developm

5、ent on the Great LakesGreat Lakes Wind Collaborative 2009第7页/共27页Elevation and BathymetryTransportation-Waterways, Railroads, Highways, AirportsWind Speeds to 100 metersElectric Transmission GridHabitat (Coastal Wetlands)Managed Areas (Refuges, National and State Forests)Aquatic Biota (Fish Spawning

6、 Areas)Avian Biota (Great Lakes Important Bird Areas)Access Sites, Military Bases, etc第8页/共27页第9页/共27页Preconstruction Observations and Site Characterization StudiesWind ResourceHabitatWildlife UseBird and Bat Migration and Abundance (Nocturnal and Diurnal)第10页/共27页One Year on the Niagara-Temporal Di

7、urnal Distribution of Passing Birds第11页/共27页Dusk to Dawn on the Niagara River-Temporal Distribution of Passing Birds第12页/共27页Dusk to Dawn on the Niagara River-Altitude Distribution第13页/共27页May Morning Bird Fallout Near Tifft Nature Preserve in BuffaloGallagher BeachBuffalo HarborLake ErieTifft Natur

8、e Preserve第14页/共27页Small Boat Harbor StudyCopyright Google EarthSteel WindsSmall Boat HarborBuffaloLackawannaGullsGull Colony第15页/共27页Fall Bird Movements at the Peace BridgeCanada GeeseDouble-crested CormorantsDiving DucksBonapartes Gulls第16页/共27页Post Construction ObservationsRemote Bird and Bat Mig

9、ration Observations (NEXRAD, X Band Radar)Great Lakes Observatory (Bird and Raptor Counts, Banding, AcousticsWeather Observations (Wind, Ceiling, Precipitation)Bird and Bat Mortality Studies (Weather RelatedClimate Change (Changes and Timing of Bird and Bat Migration)第17页/共27页Ron Larkin (Weather TAP

10、, November, 2004)Yonker (NEXRAD, May 17, 2001)Nocturnal Radar Observation of Bird and Bat Movement And Abundance第18页/共27页Bird Observatoriesof theGreat Lakes1. Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory2. Thunder Cape Bird Observatory3. Whitefish Point Bird Observatory4. Chicagoland Bird Observatory5. Bruce Peninsu

11、la Bird Observatory6. Rouge River Bird Observatory7. Black Swamp Bird Observatory8. Pelee Island Bird Observatory9. Long Point Bird Observatory10. Toronto Bird Observatory11. Prince Edward Point Bird Observatory12. Derby Hill Bird Observatory13. Braddock Bay Bird Observatory14. Proposed Niagara Corr

12、idor Bird Observatory15. Proposed Lake Bluff Bird Observatory16. Proposed Keweenaw Bird Observatory12345678910111213141516Existing and Proposed Great Lakes Bird ObservatoriesYonker 2011第19页/共27页Saw-whet Owl Migration at Long Point Bird ObservatoryYonker 2007第20页/共27页(Yonker 2007)Fall WarblersWinter

13、WrenWhite-eyed VireoAcoustics LabBird BandingFall Migration Monitoring at Powdermill Nature Reserve第21页/共27页Comparison of Call Count data to Weather dataRatios of numbers of calls at the two sites were regressed against a series of weather variables to determine if they had differential effects on t

14、he call totals at the two sitesWeather Variables:Barometric pressureWind speed Wind direction Precipitation Visibility Cloud Covercloud coverratio bl:ag54321035302520151050thrush bl/agwarbler bl/ag_Variablecall ratios of thrushes and warblers correspond to cloud coverEmma Deleon, 2010Sonogram第22页/共2

15、7页Horizontal Radar View of Advancing Precipitation Shield Approaching BuffaloVertical Radar View of Advancing Precipitation Shield Approaching BuffaloWeather as a Factor in Migration Across the Great LakesMarine Services Diversified LLC, May 2003第23页/共27页(Yonker 2007)In the Middle of Lake Erie on April 1, 2007US and Canadian Coast Guard Spring Offshore Migration/Climate Change ProjectCommon LoonDark-eyed JuncoGulls and Coyote第24页/共27页Galbreath 2007Tree SwallowClimate Related Changes to Summer Breeding Ranges第25页/共27页Operational MitigationCurtailment Under Specific Weather Conditions