translation- Alcohol and Liver Disease

1、饮酒与肝脏疾病Alcohol and Liver Disease饮酒过量饮酒可导致三种类型的肝脏疾病： 脂肪肝、肝炎和肝硬化。如果您在推荐的安全范围饮酒你是不太可能出现下面所述的这些健康问题。对于由酒精所引起的各种疾病，主要的治疗方法就是完全戒酒。 Drinking too much alcohol can lead to three types of liver conditions - fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. You are unlikely to develop these problems if you drink within t

2、he recommended safe limits detailed below. For all types of liver disease caused by alcohol, the main treatment is to stop drinking alcohol completely.肝脏的作用是什么？ 肝脏位于腹部的右上部分。它的功能包括：1、存储糖原，由糖制成的化学物质。当身体需要他时，糖原被分解成葡萄糖被释放到血液中；2、帮助处理由食物消化所产生的脂肪和蛋白质；3、制造对于血液凝结有重要作用的蛋白质（凝血因子）；4、处理所摄取的大量有毒有害物质；5、有助于分解体内的酒精、

3、毒药和体内毒素；6、制造胆汁使其从肝脏向肠道转移的过程中消化脂肪。What does the liver do?The liver is in the upper right part of the abdomen. Its functions include: Storing glycogen, a chemical made from sugars.When required, glycogen is broken down into glucose which is released into the bloodstream. Helping to process fats and pr

4、oteins from digested food. Making proteins that are essential for blood to clot(clotting factors). Processing many medicines which you may take. Helping to remove or process alcohol, poisons and toxins from the body. Making bile which passes from the liver to the gut and helps to digest fats.当你饮酒时会发

5、生什么？当你饮酒时，酒精通过胃和肠道被吸收进入血液。所有经过胃和肠道的血液在全身循环之前会首先通过肝脏。所以，流入肝脏的血液含有最高的酒精浓度。肝细胞所含的酶（化学物质）能够对酒精起到代谢作用。酶将酒精分解成其他的化学物质，这些化学物质再分解成水和二氧化碳。然后通过尿液和肺部排出体外。肝细胞在一个小时内只能代谢固定数量的酒精。因此，如果你饮酒的速度比你的肝脏处理酒精的速度更快，那么酒精含量在你的血液中就会上升。 What happens when you drink alcohol?When you drink alcohol, it is absorbed into the bloodstr

6、eam from the stomach and intestines. All blood from the stomach and intestines first goes through the liver before circulating around the whole body. So, the highest concentration of alcohol is in the blood flowing through the liver.Liver cells contain enzymes (chemicals) which process (metabolise)

7、alcohol. The enzymes break down alcohol into other chemicals which in turn are then broken down into water and carbon dioxide. These are then passed out in the urine and from the lungs. The liver cells can process only a certain amount of alcohol per hour. So, if you drink alcohol faster than your l

8、iver can deal with it, the level of alcohol in your bloodstream rises.饮太多的酒会产生什么问题？你的肝脏和身体通常能够承受少量的酒精摄入。事实上，摄取少量的酒精（每天1-2单位）可能有助于预防心脏疾病和中风。然而，饮酒量超过建议所限制的含量（下文详述）可能是有害的。如果你酗酒，你产生以下健康问题的风险就会增加：What are the problems of drinking too much alcohol? Your liver and body can usually cope with drinking a smal

9、l amount of alcohol. Indeed, drinking a small amount ofalcohol (1-2 units per day) may help to prevent heart disease and stroke.However, drinking over the recommended limits (detailed below) can be harmful. If you drink heavily you have an increased risk of developing:1、严重的肝脏问题（酒精性肝病）；2、一定程度的脾胃失调；3、

10、胰腺炎（胰腺的严重炎症）；4、心理健康问题，包括抑郁症和焦虑症；5、性功能障碍，如阳痿；6、肌肉和心脏肌肉疾病；7、高血压；8、破坏神经组织； Serious liver problems (alcoholic liver disease). Some stomach disorders. Pancreatitis (severe inflammation of the pancreas). Mental health problems, including depression and anxiety. Sexual difficulties such as impotence. Muscl

11、e and heart muscle disease.High blood pressure.Damage to nervous tissue.9、事故饮酒使得发生事故的危险性大大增加。特别是，由火灾和车祸所引起的损伤和死亡。七分之一的交通死亡事故是由饮酒所引起的；10、某些癌症（口腔，食道，肝，结肠癌和乳腺癌）；11、肥胖（酒精里面含有大量的卡路里）；12、损害孕妇的胎儿；13、酒精依赖（成瘾）。 Accidents - drinking alcohol is associated with a much increased risk of accidents. In particular,

12、 injury and death from fire and car crashes. About 1 in 7 road deaths are caused by drinking alcohol. Some cancers (mouth, gullet, liver, colon and breast). Obesity (alcohol has many calories). Damage to an unborn baby in pregnant women.Alcohol dependence (addiction).在英国，由酒精相关的疾病（特别是肝脏疾病）所导致的死亡病例在过去

13、20年间出现大幅上升。这是因为大量饮酒和酗酒已经变得越来越普遍。本手册的其余部分是关于酒精性肝病。另一传单被称为“酒精和理性饮酒”，其中涉及酒精的一般情况，以及酗酒和饮酒问题，其中包括酒精成瘾相关的内容。 In the UK, deaths due to alcohol-related diseases (particularly liver disease) have risen considerably over the last 20 years or so. This is because heavy drinking and binge drinking have become mo

14、re common. The rest of this leaflet is about alcoholic liver disease. See separate leaflets called Alcohol and Sensible Drinking,which deals with general aspects of alcohol, and Alcoholism and Problem Drinking, which includes information on alcohol dependence什么是酒精性肝病？饮酒过量饮酒可导致三种类型的肝脏疾病脂肪肝、肝炎和肝硬化。某人有

15、可能在同一时间得上某一或全部这些疾病。What is alcoholic liver disease? Drinking too much alcohol can lead to three types of liver conditions - fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Any, or all,of these conditions can occur at the same time in the same person.脂肪肝大多数经常大量饮酒的人会造成肝细胞内脂肪的大量聚集。通常情况下，脂肪肝并不严重也不会引起不适症状。并且若停止过量

16、饮酒，脂肪肝通常会好转，然而，少数人的脂肪肝却进一步发展成为肝炎。Fatty liver A build-up of fat occurs within liver cells in most people who regularly drink heavily. In itself, fatty liver is not usuallyserious and does not cause symptoms. Fatty liver will usually reverse if you stop drinking heavily. However, in some people the fa

17、tty liver progresses and develops into hepatitis.酒精性肝炎肝炎指肝脏炎症。炎症的范围可以从轻微到严重。1、轻度肝炎可能不会引起任何不适症状。一个不健康的肝脏发生炎症的唯一体现可能是血液中的酶的含量的变化，这可以通过血检测试来查看其水平。然而，在某些情况下肝炎会变为持久（慢性）肝炎，这种肝炎可能会逐渐损害肝脏，并最终导致肝硬化。2、更严重的肝炎往往造成的不适症状，如感觉恶心、黄疸（泛黄皮肤，引起胆红素水平高化学物质在肝脏里的正常代谢），一般的感觉身体不适，有时会肝脏部位疼痛。3、非常严重的酒精性肝炎可迅速导致肝功能衰竭。这可能会导致黄疸加深、造成

18、血液凝固、精神萎靡、困顿、内脏出血等，这些往往是致命的。4、对于酒精性肝炎的治疗主要是提供充足的营养（有时会用直达胃部的流体软管输送）和类固醇营养品。Alcoholic hepatitis Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. The inflammation can range from mild to severe. Mild hepatitis may not cause any symptoms. The only indication of inflammation may be an abnormal level of liver e

19、nzymes in the blood, which can be detected by a blood test. However, in some cases the hepatitis becomes persistent (chronic), which can gradually damage the liver and eventually cause cirrhosis.A more severe hepatitis tends to cause symptoms such as feeling sick, jaundice (yellowing of the skin, ca

20、used by a high level of bilirubin - a chemical normally metabolised in the liver), generally feeling unwell and, sometimes, pain over the liver.A very severe bout of alcoholic hepatitis can quickly lead to liver failure. This can cause deep jaundice, blood clotting problems, confusion, coma, and ble

21、eding into the guts, and is often fatal.The main treatment for alcoholic hepatitis is to provide adequate nutrition (this sometimes involves passing liquid feeds through a tube in the stomach) and steroids.肝硬化肝硬化指的是正常肝组织被瘢痕组织所替代(纤维化)的状态。结疤往往是一个渐进的过程。疤痕组织会影响肝细胞的正常结构和再生。而疤痕组织逐渐发展会导致肝细胞的受损和死亡。因此，肝脏逐渐失去

22、其功能。疤痕组织还可以使血液流向肝脏，其会导致血管回压，将血液带向肝脏。Alcoholic cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a condition where normal liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue (fibrosis). The scarring tends to be a gradual process. The scar tissue affects the normal structure and regrowth of liver cells. Liver cells become damaged and die a

23、s scar tissue gradually develops. So, the liver gradually loses its ability to function well. The scar tissue can also affect the blood flow through the liver which can cause back pressure in the blood vessels which bring blood to the liver.大约在10个酗酒者中有一个会最终发展成肝硬化。它往往发生在10年或以上的酗酒者身上。注意:肝硬化能够出现在从来没有酒精

24、性肝炎的人身上。About 1 in 10 heavy drinkers will eventually develop cirrhosis. It tends to occur after 10 or more years of heavy drinking. Note: cirrhosis can develop in people who have never had alcoholic hepatitis.尽管肝硬化可以由除了酒精之外的各种原因引发例如，持续的病毒性肝炎和一些遗传和代谢疾病。但如果你患有慢性肝脏疾病，那么酗酒可能会增加你患肝硬化的风险。Cirrhosis can hap

25、pen from many causes other than alcohol - for example, persistent viral hepatitis and some hereditary and metabolic diseases. If you have another persistent liver disease, and drink heavily, you are likely to increase your risk of developing cirrhosis.肝硬化会导致晚期的肝脏疾病(肝衰竭)。然而，在早期阶段，肝硬化通常是没有症状的。虽然肝细胞数量的

26、减少仍能让你正常工作。但是，随着越来越多的肝细胞死亡以及越来越多的瘢痕组织产生，一些症状就开始出现。最终的症状和并发症与严重的肝炎相似(上面所列举的那些)。然而，与重度肝炎不同，肝硬化的相关症状和并发症的潜伏期较长。Cirrhosis can lead to end-stage liver disease (liver failure). However, in the early stages of the condition, often there are no symptoms. You can get by with a reduced number of working liver

27、 cells. But, as more and more liver cells die, and more and more scar tissue builds up, symptoms start to appear. The eventual symptoms and complications are similar to a severe episode of hepatitis (listed above). However, unlike a bout of severe hepatitis, the symptoms and complications tend to de

28、velop slowly. (See separate leaflet called Cirrhosis for more details.) 尽管目前还不清楚为什么有些人更容易由于酒精而使肝细胞受损以及出现肝炎或肝硬化症状。但是，一般来说，饮酒的量越多、频率越频繁，那么患上肝炎或肝硬化的风险越大。 虽然，肝硬化产生的疤痕和损伤通常是永久性的，不能复原。但是，最近的研究对肝硬化有了更深层次的理解。该研究表明，在未来可能可以开发出相关药物以逆转肝硬化的瘢痕形成过程。 It is not clear why some people are more prone for their liver ce

29、lls to be damaged by alcohol and to develop hepatitis and/or cirrhosis. But, as a rule, the heavier you drink, and the more regularly that you drink, the more your risk of developing hepatitis and/or cirrhosis. The scarring and damage of cirrhosis is usually permanent and cannot be reversed. However

30、, recent research has led to a greater understanding of cirrhosis. Research suggests that it may be possible to develop medicines in the future which can reverse the scarring process of cirrhosis.酒精性肝病是如何被诊断的？ 医生可能会从你的症状和体检中检查你是否患有肝病。(例如，他们可能会检测到你的肝脏是否增大，或者积液等)。他们可能尤其认为你的肝脏问题的一个主要原因是你有酗酒史。某些测试可以检测:1

31、.血液测试显示肝功能是否异常；2.超声波扫描测试你肝脏的肝脏是否受损；3.活检确诊，获取部分肝脏(小样本)在显微镜下观察。肝硬化引起的疤痕或者具有酒精性肝炎的肝细胞的典型特征可以在活检样本上看到。How is alcoholic liver disease diagnosed? A doctor may suspect that you have liver problems from your symptoms, and from a physical examination. (For example, they may detect that your liver is enlarged

32、, or that you are retaining fluid.) They may especially think of liver problems as a cause of your symptoms if you have a history of heavy alcohol drinking. Some tests may be done: Blood tests may show abnormal liver function. (See separate leaflet called Liver Function Tests for details.) An ultras

33、ound scan may show that you have a damaged liver. To confirm the diagnosis, a biopsy (small sample) of the liver may be taken to be looked at under the microscope. (See separate leaflet called Liver Biopsy for details.) The scarring of the liver caused by cirrhosis, or the typical features of liver

34、cells with alcoholic hepatitis can be seen on a biopsy sample酒精性肝病的治疗方法是什么?当不幸患上与酒精有关的肝脏疾病时，你应该彻底停止饮酒。同时，你可以请教营养师来回溯你的饮食习惯。这是因为许多酗酒者没有恰当的饮食习惯，其需要重返健康饮食的相关建议。1.如果你有不严重的脂肪肝、酒精性肝炎，如果你停止饮酒，你将从中完全恢复；2.如果你有严重的肝炎而且需要住院，你可能需要重症监护治疗。一些重度肝炎患者可能会死亡；3.如果你有肝硬化，停止饮酒可以改善你的未来。这取决于你的肝硬化有多严重。如果肝硬化诊断时不太严重，那么你停止饮酒，肝硬化就

35、不会进一步发展。然而如果你继续饮酒，肝硬化及其并发症状通常会导致更糟糕的健康问题。在严重的情况下，疤痕将会扩张，肝脏几乎不起作用，那么肝移植可能是唯一的选择。What is the treatment for alcoholic liver disease? For all types of liver disease caused by alcohol, you should stop drinking alcohol completely. Also, you may be referred to a dietician to review your diet. This is becau

36、se many people who drink heavily do not eat properly and need advice on getting back into eating a healthy diet. Vitamin supplements may be prescribed for a while. If you have fatty liver, or alcoholic hepatitis which is not severe, you should fully recover from these conditions if you stop drinking

37、 alcohol. If you have severe hepatitis and require hospital admission, you may require intensive care treatment. Some people with severe hepatitis will die. If you have cirrhosis, stopping drinking alcohol can improve your outlook. It depends on how severe the cirrhosis has become. If cirrhosis is d

38、iagnosed when it is not too advanced, and you stop drinking alcohol, the cirrhosis is unlikely to progress. However, the cirrhosis and symptoms will usually get worse if you continue to drink alcohol. In severe cases where the scarring is extensive, and the liver can barely function, then a liver tr

39、ansplant may be the only option.酒精性肝脏疾病的预防如果你饮酒的量在推荐的安全范围之内，你一般不会出现由酒精引起的肝脏问题。那就是:男人应该每周饮酒不超过21个单位，每天不超过4个单位，每周至少两天不要饮酒。女性应该每周饮酒不超过14个单位，每天不超过3个单位，每周至少两天不要饮酒。孕妇。国家卫生部建议 “孕妇和正在尝试怀孕的妇女不应该饮酒。如果她们饮酒,把并想把对宝宝的风险降到最低，她们每周只能喝一到两次，每次不应超过1 - 2单位，并且不能喝醉”。Preventing alcoholic liver disease You are very unlikely

40、 to develop liver problems caused by alcohol if you drink within the recommended safe limits. That is: Men should drink no more than 21 units of alcohol per week, no more than four units in any one day,and have at least two alcohol-free days a week. Women should drink no more than 14 units of alcoho

41、l per week, no more than three units in any one day, and have at least two alcohol-free days a week. Pregnant women. Advice from the Department of Health states that . pregnant women or women trying to conceive should not drink alcohol at all. If they do choose to drink, to minimise the risk to the

42、baby, they should not drink more than 1-2 units of alcohol once or twice a week and should not get drunk.这些建议来自哪里?卫生部建议：男人不应该定期每天喝酒超过3 4个单位，女人不应该定期每天喝酒超过2 - 3单位。“定期”的意思是每天或者一周的大部分天。如果你在任何一天喝地比这更严重，48小时内不要喝酒,让你的身体恢复。皇家医师学院(RCP)建议男性每周饮酒不超过21单位，女性每周不超过14个单位。但同时，除非你喝的酒是安全范围内的最小量，否则请每周有2 - 3天不要喝酒，给肝脏时间恢复

43、。RCP同时建议“酒精安全限制除了应该考虑量之外，还要考虑频率。与那些不定期喝酒的人相比，那些每天喝或接近日常或定期喝酒的人有患肝癌的风险提高。下议院科学技术委员会则建议人们应该至少有每周两天不要喝酒。还有些人认为推荐的上限太高了。例如，一项研究发现男性每天喝酒超过每天两个单位，女性每天喝酒超过一个单位会增加患某些癌症的风险Where do these recommendations come from? The Department of Health recommends that men should not regularly drink more than 3-4 units of

44、alcohol a day and women should not regularly drink more than 2-3 units a day. Regularly means drinking every day or most days of the week. And if you do drink more heavily than this on any day,allow 48 alcohol-free hours afterwards to let your body recover. The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) advi

45、ses no more than 21 units per week for men and 14 units per week for women. But also, have 2-3 alcohol-free days a week to allow the liver time to recover after drinking anything but the smallest amount of alcohol. A quote from the RCP. in addition to quantity, safe alcohol limits must also take int

46、o account frequency. There is an increased risk of liver disease for those who drink daily or near daily compared with those who drink periodically or intermittently. The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee advise that people should have at leasttwo alcohol-free days a week. Some would

47、 argue that the upper limits of the recommendations are too high. For example, one study found that more than two units a day for men and more than one unit a day for women significantly increases the risk of developing certain cancers.一般来说,饮酒超过安全标准越多，酒精的伤害就会越大。记住，即使每周的总量似乎并不太高，酗酒也是有害的。例如，如果你一周只喝酒一次

48、或两次,但是当你每次你喝4 - 5品脱啤酒，或每次喝一瓶红酒，那么这对你的健康也产生危险。In general, the more you drink above the safe limits, the more harmful alcohol is likely to be.And remember, binge drinking can be harmful even though the weekly total may not seem too high. For example,if you only drink alcohol once or twice a week, but

49、when you do you drink 4-5 pints of beer each time, or a bottle of wine each time, then this is a risk to your health. 一个单位的酒精，按体积计量是10毫升，或按重量计量是8 g纯酒精。例如:一个单位的酒精约等于:半品脱啤酒或普通强度苹果酒酒精含量(3 - 4%酒精按体积);或一小杯(25毫升)烈酒的酒精量(40%酒精按体积);或一个标准杯(50毫升)的强化酒，例如雪利酒或者波特酒(酒精体积含量为20%)，包含1.5个单位；一小杯(125毫升)的普通强度葡萄酒酒精含量(12%酒精

50、按体积);或一个标准杯(35毫升)的烈酒(酒精体积含量40%)。 One unit of alcohol is 10 ml (1 cl) by volume, or 8 g by weight, of pure alcohol. For example:One unit of alcohol is about equal to:half a pint of ordinary strength beer or cider (3-4% alcohol by volume); or a small pub measure (25 ml) of spirits (40% alcohol by volu

51、me); or a standard pub measure (50 ml) of fortified wine such as sherry or port (20% alcohol byvolume).There are one and a half units of alcohol in:a small glass (125 ml) of ordinary strength wine (12% alcohol by volume); ora standard pub measure (35 ml) of spirits (40% alcohol by volume). 但是请记住,许多葡

52、萄酒和啤酒比传统普通的酒更强烈。更准确的单位的计算方法如下。酒精的体积百分比含量(%)的饮料的数量等于单位1升的饮料。But remember, many wines and beers are stronger than the more traditional ordinary strengths. A more accurate way of calculating units is as follows. The percentage alcohol by volume (% abv) of a drink equals the number of units in one litre of that drink. 例如:强烈的啤酒在1升6ABV有六个单元。如果你喝半升(500毫升)不到一品脱则是三个单位。For example:Strong beer at 6% abv has six units in one litre. If you drink half a litre (500 ml) - just under a pin