作品分析-修辞

1、Simile（明喻）A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison (as opposed to metaphor where the comparison is implicit ) recognizable by the use of word like or as.E.g. My heart is like a singing bird.I wandered

2、lonely as a cloud.明喻的结构形式很丰富，除了常见的比喻词like和as外，还有其他的表现方式：1. SeemSo as she shows she seems the budding rose, yet sweeter far than is earthly flower.她露出犹如含苞欲放的玫瑰，却远比真实的花儿芬芳。2. As if (as though)It rained as if the flood-gates of Heaven were opened, and it lighted awfully.雨倾盆而下，犹如天上的水闸打开了，而且电光霍霍，极其可怕。3.

3、Liken. To.Doctor usually liken the heart to a pump.4. Compare. To.Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.5. As. As.Hurry up ! You walk as slow as a snail.6. The way (in which)I should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse.7. Might as well. asYou might as well throw your money into the ditch as gi

4、ve it to him.你把钱给他就像把钱扔进沟里一样。8. A is to B what C is to DWhat lungs are to the body, that parks are to the city.9. No more. ThanHe had no more idea of money than a cow.10. WithWith the quickness of a cat, he climbed up the tree.11. A and BLove and cough cannot be hid.爱情像咳嗽一样无法隐藏。A word and a stone le

5、t go cannot be recalled.Metaphor（暗喻）A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.E.g. No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main: if a clod be wash

6、ed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as if a manor of thy (your) friend or thine (your) own were: any mans death diminishes me, because I am involve in mankind. 谁也不是一座自成一体的岛屿；每一个人都是这片大陆的一块泥土，是大陆的一部分：这块土被海水冲走，就像一个岬角，或你朋友的或你自己的庄园被冲走一样，都会使欧洲变小；无论谁死去都有损于我，因为我和

7、整个人类息息相关。隐喻的表达方式大致分为三种类型：1. 喻体直陈式认定本体就是喻体，把本体和喻体说成一件事。这种方式强化了语言表达的逻辑能力。College is a comma of a sentence of life.2. 喻体半隐式此类的喻体词语通常是有名词转化而来的动词。通过这个动词对动作或状态的描述，来发现这个名词所具有的喻体的特征。They stormed the speakers with questions.He doesnt have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.3. 喻体全隐式表面上喻

8、体并没有出现，可实际上比喻却暗含句中。The one place not to have dictionaries is in a setting room or at the dinning room. Look the thing up the next morning, but not in the middle of the conversation. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there.有一个地方不应该带字典，那就是客厅里或餐桌上。你可以次日早

9、晨再查，但不要在说话中去查字典，否则你会把说话捆住了，使它不能自由舒畅。Look the thing up in the middle of conversation stringSome books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.Book foodPersonification（拟人）A figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person.拟人的方法大致有以下

10、三种：1. 用描写人的词语使之人格化。I was traveling in China when Samaranch announced in Moscow that the city for hosting the 2008 Olympics was Beijing. All Chinese people were overjoyed; all mountains were overjoyed; all rivers were overjoyed.Depressed, I rushed out of the room. A gentle breeze greeted me. She care

11、ssed my cheeks and soothed my heart.在文学作品中，代词she常被用来指代无生命的东西或抽象概念。如sun, earth, moon, spring, autumn, country, peace, beauty, ship等。被人格化的物体或概念表达了一种亲切感。2. 把物当作人来呼唤，以抒发强烈的感情。或赞叹，或同情，或憎恶，或痛斥，强烈的情感尽情的宣泄出来，易让读者接受并产生共鸣。O stretch thy reign, fair Peace! from shore to shore. Till conquest cease, and slavery b

12、e no more.O Cuckoo! Shall I call thee birdOr but a wandering voice?3. 让事物变成人，跟人一样的说话、行动，有思想、有感情。The baby crocodile thought hard. At last he had a good idea.Hearing the lover tearfully pouring out their hearts, the moon was so moved that she forgot to move.Metonymy （借代）The name of something is used t

13、o represent a more general but closely-related thing.大致有以下几种借代关系：1. A container for its content. （容器代内容）After her husband left her, Wendy took to the bottle.Sorry, my pocket cant offer such a pair of shoes.2. A place for the people.（处所代人） The whole town attended the funeral.The minute Presley took t

14、he stage, the museum hall burst into cheers.3. A location for the institution or organization.（所在地代机构或组织）Downing street = the British cabinet, the Britain governmentThe White House = the US governmentHollywood = the US film-making industry4. An instrument for its user.（工具代使用者）The pen is mightier tha

15、n the sword.The surgeon convinced her that she could only be saved by a timely scalpel.5. A striking feature for the person or thing.（特征代特征所有者）A bald slipped out through the back door.The crown should not yield to the cross.Bob was promoted from the grey-collar to the white-collar in the shortest ti

16、me. 6. An organ for its function.（器官代作用）He has a rough tongue.Sheila is such a cool girl that she is good at letting her mind rule her heart.7. Author for work.（作者代作品）To read a Shakespeare or a Mark Twain is to eat a food full of protein; likewise, to read a pornographic magazine is to eat a sugar-c

17、oated poison. 8. The concrete for the abstract, or the specific for the general.Without sweat, without bread.Synecdoche （提喻）A figure of speech in which a part is used metaphorically to represent a whole, or a whole is used to represent a part.1. A part for the whole.（部分代整体）More hands are needed at h

18、arvest time.During my stay in Rwanda, when I across the hungry mouths, big or small, I felt quite sympathetic and helpless as well.2. The whole for the part.（整体代部分）The TV is out of order.The birds are singing to welcome the smiling year. 3. Material for the thing made.（原材料代替所构成的事物）Nowadays more and

19、more people have a liking for cotton.At dinner, I would like some grape.Hyperbole （夸张）An figure of speech that deliberately uses exaggeration in order to give emphasis.For she was beautiful - her beauty madeThe bright world dim, and everything besideSeemed like the fleeting image of a shade.It was s

20、o hot a noon that the leaves had to gasp for breath.Miss Sharp bowed her head, and had never uttered a syllable.Ive not had a wink of sleep these last two nights.Oxymoron （矛盾修辞法）A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an epigrammatic effect.矛盾修饰法的构成方法：1. ad

21、j.+n. 一个形容词修饰另一个意义相对或相反的名词Sick health true lies living death hating love2. adj.+adj.(+n.) 两个意义相对或相反的形容词，修饰同一个名词A cold warm embrace a stormy tranquil night3. n.+adj. 形容词置于一个与其意义相对或相反的名词之后，作后置修饰Darkness visible discord dulcet faith unfaithful4. adv.+adj. 一个副词修饰另一个意义相对或相反的形容词Wastefully thrifty hard ten

22、der rudely great5. V.+adv. 动词表示动作、行为、状态等，副词与其意义相悖，起着修饰、限制作用Love harmfully hasten slowly die merrily6. N.+of+n. 介词of前后的两个名词意义相对或相反，介词短语修饰前面的名词Feather of lead sickness of health7. N.+n. 意义相对或相反的两个名词用连字符连接，作为一个合成词修饰一个名词Love-hate relationship a fire-water state Life-death struggleJuliet Sweet, so would

23、I: Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, That I shall say good night till it be morrow.The mother is undergoing the joyful pain and the painful joy of childbirth. Irony（反讽）A figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of

24、 that express by the words used; usually taking the form of sarcasm or ridicule in which laudatory expressions are used to imply condemnation or contempt.The virtuous, dignified bishop has four illegitimate children.We are lucky. Its the other side on the thirteenth of December. That makes us feel r

25、eal good.Pun（双关）The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect1.语音双关On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on y

26、ou.More sun and air for your son and heir.-Why is Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages?-Because there are many knights.-Why are parliamentary reports called “Blue Books”?-Because they are never red.2. 语义双关-Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers?-Because they lie first on one side and then on the other

27、, and remain wide awake all the time.3. 音义双关一般用于人名Euphemism （委婉语）Substituting an inoffensive or pleasant term for a more explicit, offensive one, thereby veneering the truth by using kind words1. 词汇委婉Foolish = unwise false = untruthful rude = impoliteCocaine = big C garbage man = G-man2. 语法委婉2.1一般过去

28、时或者过去进行时表达委婉Did you wish to see me now?I was wondering if you were free this evening.2.2用情态动词表达委婉Would you kindly forward the letter to her?Could you help me for a moment?2.3用否定句式表达委婉I dont think he could pass the exam.Wont you stay a little more?Parody （仿拟）A writing in which the language and style

29、of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule often with certain peculiarities greatly heightened or exaggerated.Wall Street owns the country. It is no longer a government of the people, by the people and for the people, but a government of Wall Street, by Wall Street and

30、for Wall Street.“a government of the people, by the people and for the people.” “Gettysburg Address” LincolnTo lie or not to lie - the doctors dilemma.“to be or not to be - thats a question.”Give me a green world ,or give me yesterday.“give me liberty, or give me death.”Parallelism （排比）It consists o

31、f phrase or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side.We are caught in war, wanting peace. Were torn by division, wanting unity. No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.

32、No one likes to listen to a speaker who talks too much and say too little, and no reader likes to cut at a path through a tangle of useless words or constructions to get a relatively simple idea.Antithesis （对比）Contrast of ideas expressed by parallelism of strongly contrasted words. An optimist sees

33、an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb.Speech is silver; silence is gold.Repetition （重复）The repeating of any element in a

34、n utterance, including sound, a word or phrase, a pattern of accents.Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friends, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.There she stretched, gr

35、owing warmer and warmer, sleepier and sleepier.Anaphora （首语重复）But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundre

36、d years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corner of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition. I Have a Dream Early sow, early mow.Easy come, easy go.Out of sight, out of mind.Anastrophe （倒装） In rhetoric, the inversion of the natural or usual order of words, as “Homeward directly he went”Sweet was the evening.Extremely sorry I am for my mistake.Rhetorical qu