名词考点精讲(2016广东专版)

1、名词一. 名词的概念及分类专有名词: 表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称。例如：China Asia Beijing the Great Wall the United Nations普通名词：是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词, 普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）:表示单个的人和事物的个体。例如： horse car room apple picture 。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。例如：people family army government group 。 3）物质名词（Mater

2、ial Nouns）：表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。例如： fire steel air water milk 。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。例如：labor health life friendship patience happiness。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。特别注意: 1. 物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材 newspapers 各

3、种报纸2. 物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：a piece of news, a sheet of paper, two pieces of advice，a drop of blood, two bars of chocolate但表示具体的一杯、罐，瓶，场，次时也有复数形式，如：two teas and a coffee，a heavy snow,3. 有些抽象名词表示具体的事物时就变为可数名词了。如：smooth away all the difficulties；It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surp

4、rise! His new book was a great success.4. 有些不可数名词表示不同的意思时就可数了。如：work（工作） works（著作），glass（玻璃） glasses（眼镜，玻璃杯），cloth（布） clothes（衣服）value“价值”values“价值观”； damage“损害”damages“赔偿金; (还有forces(军队), spirits(情绪,幽灵), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件，报纸，试卷), looks(外表), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)，beauty, chicken ,expe

5、rience, light, orange , room, wood, time)5. 要熟记下列名词，它们在英语中一般是不可数名词：advice，baggage/luggage，furniture，equipment，fun，weather，information，luck，progress，work，homework，news等6. 形式上是复数但意义是单数的名词：physics, mathematics, politics, economics news, the United States, crossroads, headquarters7. 有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：pol

6、ice, people, cattle8. 不可数名词常用(a) little，much，a great deal of，a large amount of等修饰，可数名词常用(a) few，many，a large number of，several等修饰。some, enough, a lot of，lots of，plenty of, a large quantity of可修饰可数名词和不可数名词9. 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三个姓王的二.名词的数根据汉语提示, 完成

7、下列句子1. Two _(月) ago，three _(英雄) caught four _(小偷).They made them plant some _(土豆) and _(竹子) in two _(动物园).They also made their _(妻子们)return the four big _(箱子)with some precious _(照片)and _(刷子)in them.2. Two _(主编)，three _ (男教师) and five _ (女医生), together with their _(孩子们)， went to the market. They dec

8、ided to buy two _(绵羊), three _(鹿)， four _(公牛)， five _(鹅)and six white _(老鼠)with three _ (脚) and six _(牙齿).名词的复数变化：1. 名词复数的规则变化形式：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls2以s, x, ch, sh，z结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes buzz-buzzes(电铃声)3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-

9、leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, key-keys Henry-Henrys6以

10、辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-

11、months, path-paths,2.名词复数的不规则变化形式：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母词尾加enman-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth , mouse-mice, medium-media, bacterium-bacteria,datum-datachild-children, ox-oxen2单复数相同sheep, deer, fish, series, means, species, li, yuan, jin, mu 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, gloves, shorts, c

12、lothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, scissors, arms, earnings4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, public5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, group, committee, government, crew, team, enemy, staff6表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Chinese, Japanese，Vi

13、etnamese, Swiss, Portuguese,以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen7合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, step-sons, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants, men cooks注意：常用名词复数形式的短语 lmake preparations for

14、 为做准备 make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友shake hands with sb. 与某人握手 take pains to do sth. 努力做某事give regards to sb. 向某人致意 make both ends meet 收支平衡fix ones eyes upon 关注；凝视 keep ties with 同保持联系be in high spirits 兴致勃勃 in ones thirties 在某人三十几岁时do repairs 进行修理 have words with sb. 与争吵in words 用语言 thousands of 数千s

15、cores/dozens of 许多 take turns 轮流三.名词的所有格1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加s Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加Teachers Day, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sChildrens Day, womens rights, mens shoes, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, J

16、anes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词（shop, house, home）省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的特殊用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys p

17、lan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组 a stones throw, at ones wits end3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the bo

18、ok用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the name of the boy standing at the gate用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed4. 双重所有格结构：在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词（如a, the, some, two, a few, this, that等）时，常用常用“名词+of +名词s/名词性物主代词”的形式来表示所有关系，一般表示部分与整体的关系如：a friend of my fathers(= one of my fathers friends)；some inventions of Edisons，

19、 this bike of my brothers , that picture of my sisters四.名词作定语1. 表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（纸币）；country music（乡村音乐）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校门口）；book stores（书店）；traffic lights（交通灯）；summer holiday（暑假）；evening dress（晚礼服）。2. 但也有需用复数的。e.g. sp

20、orts meet（运动会）；savings bank（储蓄银行），sales department（营业部），sports writer （体育专栏作家）, spokes man(发言人)；goods train（货车）；clothes brush 衣刷, two men doctors（两个男医生）3. 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如： an 8-year-old child a ten-mile walk 十英里路 a 200-meter race 两百米赛跑 五.常见名词后缀-ar: beggar, liar-ee: employee, interviewee, t

21、rainee,-er: teacher, worker，villager, waiter, geographer, photographer-ess: actress, waitress, hostess-ese: Chinese, Japanese-ian/-an: musician, physician, historian, politician, mathematician, Russian, African, American-ist: artist , biologist, chemist, physicist, pianist, socialist, scientist, spe

22、cialist, violinist, novelist, tourist, impressionist-or: actor, conductor, operator, sailor , visitor, inventor, educator, competitor, director, translator-ant: assistant, accountant-al: arrival, denial, refusal, survival-ance/-ence: appearance, guidance, performance, assistance, difference, depende

23、nce, existence, preference, reference-dom: freedom, kingdom,wisdom-hood: brotherhood , childhood, neighbourhood, manhood-ion/-tion/-ation: action, collection, connection, education, solution, dictation; observation,examination, expectation, explanation, imagination, inspiration, organization, prepar

24、ation, satisfaction, competition, invitation-ism: socialism, communism, capitalism, realism, modernism, impressionism-ment: achievement, advertisement, agreement, argument, development, encouragement, movement ,entertainment, equipment, arrangement-ness: carelessness, darkness, happiness, illness, s

25、ickness, weakness, sadness-ship: championship（冠军地位或称号; 锦标赛）, friendship（友谊）, scholarship（奖学金）,relationship-sion/-ssion: decision(动词: decide), expansion(动词: expand), permission(动词: permit), admission, conclusion, possession-y/ty/-ity/: cruelty, difficulty; ability, activity, possibility, purity, equa

26、lity, safety, responsibility, nationality, majority, discovery, recovery-cy: accuracy, emergency, fluency, privacy, efficiency-th: growth, health, length, strength, wealth, depth, width,-ure/ture/ature: failure, mixture, pressure, creature, mixture, departure, signature-ing: beginning, ending, greet

27、ing, meaning, hearing, opening, shopping, spelling, warning,一、单句填空1. _ (Anne) sister Margot was very upset that the family had to move. However， she knew that she had got to go through all the_ (difficult) with her family.2. For the sake of peoples health and _ (happy)， measures should be taken to c

28、ontrol and prevent pollution and everyone should make a _ (contribute) to it.3. In my opinion，no one agrees that a _ (wealth) person without good health can be happy. So， just do our best and keep fit.4. Upon _ (arrive)， we began to work immediately. Some were digging holes. Some were carrying and p

29、lanting young trees. Others were watering them.5. Since “Life is a stage”, we are actually all actors and _ (act). On this stage, everyone has his own role to play, and I will try my best to play my role well.6. There are more visible changes in our gestures and facial _ (express).7. Lang Lang is a

30、world-class young _ (piano) who grew up in Shenyang.二、语篇填空 (重点训练名词的相关用法) A high school history teacher once told us, “If you make one close friend in school， you will be most lucky. 1_ true friend is someone who stays with you for life.” Experience shows that he was right. Good 2_ (friend) are just

31、not easily formed. To most of us, friendships are thought very important, but we need to have the kinds of friendships we want. Are they to be close or kept at arms 3_ (long)? Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface? For some people, many friendships on the surface are qui

32、te enough and thats all right. But at some point we need to make sure that our expectations are the same as our 4 _ (friend) expectations. The sharing of 5_ (person) experience is the surest way 6_ (deepen) friendships. But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are signs of interest and action in return. What are some of the difficulties to friendship? The greatest is the attraction to expect too much too soon. Deep relationships take time. 7_ main difficulty is the 8_ (selfish) to think one “owns” the other，including his time and attentio