语法讲义(1-3)

1、中考英语语法复习核心讲义专题一 名词及名词所有格一名词. 名词概说1.名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词，可分为专有名词和普通名词。 2.专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写，人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。 如：Yao Ming 姚明； China 中国；Christmas 圣诞节等。3.普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如：an apple; two apples 。 注意： a 用于以辅音音素(音标) 开头的单数名词前， a useful book an 用于以元音音素(音标

2、) 开头的单数名词前， an hour 2 可数名词单数变复数形式的规则变化：情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加 -s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读 /z/bag-bags ， car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加 -es读 /iz/bus-buses ，watch-watcheswish-wishes，box-boxes以o结尾(只记3个)加 -es读 /iz/potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoeshero-heroes以辅音字母+y结尾变y 为i再加es读 /z/baby-babiesfamily-families以f或fe结尾的名词,变

3、f或fe为v,再加es读 /vz/thief-thieves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.注意：girrafe-giraffes , scarf-scarfs或者scarves3. 可数名词复数形式的的不规则变化 (1)变元音字母 如：manmen，womanwomen，FrenchmanFrenchmen， toothteeth，footfeet; (2)单复数同形 如：sheep ，fish，Chinese，Japanese，deer (3)其他如：child children , mouse - mice4.形式为复数意思为单数如：news,

4、maths, physics, the United States等。5.只用复数形式如：pants, shorts, clothes，glasses(眼镜)等。6.复合名词的复数变中心词 如：a banana tree two banana trees ，girl student girl studentsman、woman 作定语表示性别时，中心词和man、woman都变为复数。one man teacher - two men teachers , woman doctor women doctors 不可数名词: 1.不可数名词的量的表示：（不能直接用数字；不能直接加a。an；无复数形

5、式） 数词/冠词量词of不可数名词 如：a piece of paper, two glasses of milk, a glass of water 不可数名词被量化后的数应与量词保持一致，如：There are three pieces of paper on the table .2.常考的不可数名词：advice(建议) , information(信息) , news (新闻) , bread(面包) , water(水)等。3.名词的修饰语只能修饰可数名词有：a , an , many , a few , few , a number of(许多)只能修饰不可数名词有：much ,

6、 little , a little , a bit of 修饰可数名词和不可数名词有：some , any , a lot of , lots of 二名词所有格1.有生命的名词一般在词后加s , 如 Jims book2.以s结尾的单词，只加 ,如 the teachers office 3.无生命的名词有of 结构，如 a map of China 但有些无生命的词如国家，世界，时间也可用s 来表示所有格。如 an hours walk , the worlds population , todays news4. 共有 Lucy and Lilys room 分别有 Lucys and

7、 Lilys rooms5. 双重所有格 a friend of mine , a friend of Jims6.名词所有格表位置、处所，如 at Aunt Huangs (在黄阿姨家)三名词的用法1.Some children are playing .（主语）2.I bought a computer yesterday .（宾语）3.She is a doctor .（表语）4.She is a college student .（定语）5.We call him Tom .（宾补）练习：1.Are there any on the farm ? Yes , there are som

8、e . A. horse B. chicken C. sheep2.This is bed room . The twin sisters like it very much . A. Ann and Jane B. Anns and Janes C. Ann and Janes3.This pair of trousers has been worn out , I want to buy a new .A. trousers B. one C. ones D. pair4.Where shall we go for dinner ? .A. At Uncle Tom B. At Uncle

9、 Toms C. With Uncle Tom5.Where is Tom ?Hes left a saying that he has something important to do .A. excuse B. news C. message6.What would you like , Lucy ? Im so hungry . Id like a large .A. coffee B. pizza C. bread7. At the foot of the hill , you could hear nothing but the of the running water .A. s

10、hout B. noise C. voice D. sound8. Dont worry .Theres time to go .A. some B. a few C. few D. little9. Its over from Shanghai to Zhejiang .A. three hours drive B. three hours drive C. three hours drives10. My family watching TV this time yesterday . A. were B. are C. was11.A few are playing under the

11、tree .A. boy B. boys C. childs12.There some bread on the plate.A. are B. is C. be13.If you like the chicken , you may have as as you can .A. much B. more C. many D. few14.She has been in Tianjin for ten years . Tianjin has become her second .A. family B. house C. home15.What does Jam say about his ?

12、A. two-months holiday B. two months holiday C. two-months holiday16.Sorry .We already have four people in the car ,so there for the box .A. is a little room B. is little room C. are no rooms17.The of an air ticket from Dalian to Guangzhou is about 800 yuan .A. price B. money C. pay18.Would you like

13、some ? Oh , yes just a little .A. pears B. oranges C. sugar 19.The population of China 1.3 billion .A. are B. is C. am20. My has a Tv set .A. family B. familys C. families21.My are watching Tv now .A. family B. familys C. families专题二 冠 词.冠词的分类 冠词分为不定冠词（a和an）和定冠词(the)两类。 .冠词的用法1不定冠词a, an的用法(1) 不定冠词a

14、用在以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前；a useful book; a desk;不定冠词an 用在以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。如： an old man; an actor; an “m” 。(2) a , an 用于修饰名词表“一”的意思。如 He is a student .(3) 表示人或事物的某一类。如：An elephant is bigger than a tiger.(4) 指事物的单位 “每一”， We work five days a week .(5) 在某些不可数名词前的用法，如a heavy smoke(一股浓烟) , a strong wind （一阵大风）, a

15、 heavy rain （一场大雨）, a coffee （一客咖啡）(6) 用在某些固定词组中：如：have a good time, have a cold , half an hour ,a lot(of), after a while , in a hurry , for a long time, a few ,a little 等。(7)用在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.(8)可视为一个整体的两个名词前 eg: a knife and fork 一副刀叉2定冠词the的用法(1)用来特指某人或

16、某物，双方都知道的人或物的名词前如：Open the door, please.(2) 用于上文提到的某人或某物。There is a kite on the wall. The kite is new.(3)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前如：the sun; the moon; the earth; the sky(4) 用在序数词或形容词最高级前，如：March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his class.但序数词或形容词最高级前有物主代词要去掉the . Its my first time to

17、go there .(5) 用在某些形容词前， 表示一类人。如：the rich; the poor; the young; the old等。(6) 用在乐器名词前。如：play the violin(7) 用在表示方位的名词前。如：in the east/north/west/south(8) the 与old , young , rich , poor 连用表一类人，如the old (9) 用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。 The Greens are watchingTV now .(10)用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前或用在由普通

18、名词构成的专有名词前。如：the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House等(11)用于固定搭配中。all the same仍然；all the time一直；at the moment此刻；at the same time同时；by the way顺便说一下；do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服；in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上in the open air 在户外，在野外3零冠词的用法专有名词, 如人名,地名,国家名，抽象名词和物质名词

19、前一般不用冠词。如： China; Japanese名词前已有物主代词(my，your，his，her等)、指示代词(this/these，that/those)、不定代词(some，any等)及名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词 my book在棋类、球类、节假日、星期、月份、季节、呼语、头衔和职务等名词前，用零冠词.如：Teachers Day; Mothers Day; on Monday; in May; in summerSpring is my favorite season . School begins in September .We have no lessons on Sunda

20、y . I like English very much . They are playing soccer . (4)用与不用冠词的差异 in hospital住院 / in the hospital在医院里in front of在(外部的)前面 / in the front of在(内部的)前部 at table进餐 / at the table在桌子旁 by sea乘船 / by the sea在海边 go to school(church)上学(做礼拜) /go to the school(church)到学校(教堂)去 two of us我们当中的两人 / the two of us

21、我们两人(共计两人)a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人) a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)练习：1.We often play sports after class and I like playing soccer . A. a B. an C. the D. /2.What fine weather we have these days . A. a B. an C. the D. /3.Thats usebook book . I have read it twive .A. a B. an C. the D. /4.D

22、id you do well in English exam ?Yes , I got “A”.A. the , an B. an , the C. an , / D. the , a5.This is song Ive told you about .Isnt it beautiful one ?A. the , the B. a , a C. the , a D. a , the6.Pass me dictionary next to the radio and I also need pen.A. a , a B. the , the C. a , the D.the , a7. Can

23、 I help you , Madam ? Im looking for pair of shoes for my daughter . A. a B. an C. the D. /8.When was telephone invented ?A. a B. an C. the D. /9. interesting story ! We all like reading it .A. What a B. What an C. How a D. How an10. Do you want to be doctor in the future ? no , I dont . I want to b

24、e artist .A. a , an B. an , a C. the , a11.Its useful book . I borrowed book two days ago .A. a , an B. an , the C. a , the 12. Do you know lady in blue ? A. a B. an C. the D. /13.Lesson four is most difficult lesson .A. a B. an C. the D. /14.Mary is monitor of her class .A. a B. an C. the D. /15.Th

25、ere is “ u ” and “ s ” in the word “ us ” .16. more , better .17.Would you like to try second time ?专题三：代词（一）一 人称代词：第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词单数复数单数复数单数复数主格I weyouyouhesheitthey宾格meusyouyouhimheritthem1.主格作主语,动词、介词前。We love peace .2.宾格作表语或宾语, 动词、介词后。Im waiting for him . (作宾语) Its me .(作表语)3.三种人称代词并列充当主语时时,顺序为

26、: 单数:（二,三,一）（You, she and I ） 复数:（一,二,三）(we , you and they )注：:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.)eg： She and I have been to Beijing .（一般情况） Who broke the window ? I and Mike .（承担责任）注：it 还有一些特别的用法。1) 用在句型: “It seems that ”中.“看起来像。.”2）用作形式主语,常用于 “Its +adj+for sb. +to do sth”句型中.“做什么事情怎么样” . 3) 用在句型: “

27、Its ones turn to do sth”中.“轮到某人做sth”4) 用在句型: “Its time to do sth / for sth”中.“到了该做sth的时候”5) 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式. 主语+make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ to do sth . I find it difficult to remember these words.二.物主代词：物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称物主代词单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性myouryouryourits/his/hertheir

28、名词性mineoursyoursyoursits/his/herstheirs1.形容词性物主代词作定语修饰名词，后加名词. eg: My name is Tom.( 形容词性物主代词)2名词性物主代词，后面不能加名词,名词性物主代词常与of 连用He is a friend of mine(我的一个朋友) eg：Our classroom is as big as _(they) . / This is a friend of _(he).注: 1) 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+ 名词(上题中mine=my friends)2)形容词性物主代词与own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词

29、. My own house = a house of my own 三. 反身代词：“某人自己”oneself第一人称myself , ourselves第二人称yourself , yourselves第三人称himself , herself , itself themselves1.构成：单数self, 复数selves 第一二人称前为形容词性物主代词，第三人称前为人称代词宾格。2.固定搭配: hurt oneself受伤 teach oneself = learn.by oneslf自学 help oneself to 随便吃/用，自便look after oneself leave

30、 sb by oneself 让某人独自留下 dress oneself某人自己穿衣服 improve oneself提高某人自己 enjoy oneself过得愉快 = have fun = have a good time + doingHelp yourself ,child . Help yourselves , children .3.反身代词在句中作宾语或者同位语。He himself went there . (作同位语) Be careful , or you will hurt yourself. (作宾语)四.指示代词 1、指示代词的用法：thisthese , thatt

31、hose指较近的事和人: This is my pen. / These are my books.指较远的事和人: That is her sister. / Those are her sisters.that指上面刚提到的事情eg：He was ill.Thats why he didnt go to school.指下文提到的事eg：Please remember this:No pains,no gains.（不劳则无获）在电话用语中,this 代替自己,而that 代替对方. eg：This is Tom speaking . 我是汤姆 Who is that ?你是谁？五替代词1

32、. one与it : one 代替同类事物中的一种. 而it代替上文中出现的某事物. Your watch is vey nice . Where did you buy ? I want to buy .2. that / those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. hat代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. those 代替复数名词. The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _ in Qinghai .The books in that shop are cheaper than _in this shop. A.this B.that C.o

33、ne D.those 六、疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词，通常位于句首，引出特殊疑问句。如：who 作主语，表语，宾语但不能放介词后Who wants to go with me? whom who的宾格形式，作宾语To whom are you talking? whose who的所有格形式，作定语Whose wallet is this? 这是谁的钱包？ what 可询问职业Whats your father? He is a teacher. who 可询问身份和姓名Who is the boy in red? He is Jim. what 指不定数目中的那一个。“什么，哪

34、一些，”无范围What would you like? which “ 哪一个”指在一定范围内特指的人或物Which bike is yours?七.关系代词（详见定语从句专题）八.相互代词1. each other (两者之间的)相互 2. one another (三者及以上之间的)相互Exercise:1. is a good teacher . All the students like very much .A. She , her B. Her , hers C. She , hers2.My watch is out of style . I want to buy .A. it B. one C. that D. this3.Look at that nice watch . I really wan