Unit 5 The American Civil War课件

1、Unit 5 The American Civil WarI. BackgroundThe chief cause of the war: SlaveryAfter the War of Independence, two economic systems had gradually come into being in American economy, that is, the industrial capitalism based on wage labor in the north and the plantation slavery based on slave labor in t

2、he south. Two different economic systems brought about a series of conflicts, the focus of which was that northerners needed plenty of free labors to develop their economy, thus advocating abolishing the backward slavery, while southerners depended on slave labors to produce crops, esp. cotton, thus

3、 insisting on preserving the slavery. Workers, farmers and radical bourgeois intellectual circles launched s widespread campaign for the emancipation of slavery. The Republicans founded in 1854 became the group league against slavery; the famous writer Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin, a

4、 sentimental but powerful antislavery novel which converted many readers to the abolitionist cause; John Brown Rebellion in 1859 failed, but his spirit encouraged American people to fight against slavery. While the southern whites believed that the North was preparing to end slavery by bloody warfar

5、e. They threatened to secede the Union if the Republicans were victorious in the election.In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected 16th President of America, which caused a disturbance in the southern slavers. South Carolina first voted to leave the Union, then other 10 southern states joined and togeth

6、er proclaimed themselves an independent nationthe Confederate States of Americaand the American Civil War began.The course of the warAt the beginning of the war, though the North had an advantage in manpower, material resources and financial resources (the North has 23 states, 2.2million population

7、and developed industry while the South had 11 states, 9million people including 4million black slaves), the northerners nearly failed in all battles because the South had a trained army. In 1862, the North took two important measures: one was the Land Grant Act(宅地法) and the other was Emancipation Pr

8、oclamation(解放黑奴宣言), which encouraged many black slaves and workers to join the northern army.The Turning Point: in July 1863, under the leadership of General George G. Meade and General U. S. Grant, the North gained decisive victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, which marked a definite turning poin

9、t in the war. Ever since then, the North won the battles continuously. On Sep. 2,1864, General William Sherman won the Atlanta Campaign. On Apr. 3, 1865, the North occupied the capital of the Confederates, Richmond, which forced General Robert E. Lee to surrender to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on

10、 Apr. 9,1865. The four-year Civil War endedThe effects of the war: positive and negativeNegative: The civil war was the most traumatic episode in American history. It devastated the south and subjected that region to military occupation. America lost more soldiers in this war than in any other. The

11、war cost untold billions and nourished rather than canceled hatreds and intolerance, which persisted for decades.Positive: The war resolved two fundamental issues. It put an end to slavery, which was legally abolished by the 13th Amendment to the constitution in 1865. It also assured the integrity o

12、f the United States as an indivisible nation.Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee was born on January 19, 1807 at Stratford in Westmoreland County. Continuing in the military tradition of his father, Lee entered West Point in 1825 and graduated second in his class in 1829. Serving various military duties in G

13、eorgia, Virginia, New York, Texas, and Mexico over the next 23 years, Lees reputation increased in recognition and respectability, and in 1852 he was named superintendant of West Point. From February of 1860 until February of 1861, Lee commanded the Department of Texas - the largest number of troops

14、 he had ever commanded. It was during this time that the secession movement began, and Lee had to evaluate his position as a Whig devoted to the Union and as a Virginian. At this point, he did not agree with the political and economic arguments for Southern independence. Though, unfortunate as the c

15、hoice was, if pressed to choose between fighting for Virginia or for the Union, Lee realized the decision would be simple. Lees loyalties proved to be on the side of the South because of his family tradition in and association with the state of Virginia.On April 18, 1861 Lee was offered field comman

16、d of the United States Army. On the following day, he received word that Virginia had seceded from the Union; he submitted his letter of resignation from the United States Army on April 20. Three days later, Lee accepted the position of commander of Virginia forces. From this point onward, Lees iden

17、tity became intrinsically linked to the Confederate cause. At the age of 55, on May 31, 1862, Robert E. Lee was assigned to command the troops which he named The Army of Northern Virginia. During the Civil War he worked closely with Jefferson Davis, J.E.B. Stuart. He is best known for his victories

18、in the Battle of second Manassas (second Bull Run), and the Battle of Chancellorsville. Named General-In-Chief of all Confederate Armies on February 6, 1865, his tenure in this position was cut short by his surrender to General Grant at the Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, thus ending the Ci

19、vil War.After the war, Lee returned to Richmond. During the last five years of his life, he served as President of Washington College in Lexington, Virginia, and he was indicted for treason though never brought to trial. Lee was stricken on September 28, 1870 in Lexington and died a few weeks later

20、on October 12. Robert E. Lee was buried in Lexington and remembered as an educator, a soldier, and a Christian gentleman who lived his life with dignity. Lee has been compared to General George Washington in terms of the respect which he earned from his soldiers, his region, and the nation. Ulysses

21、S. GrantLate in the administration of Andrew Johnson, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant quarreled with the President and aligned himself with the Radical Republicans. He was, as the symbol of Union victory during the Civil War, their logical candidate for President in 1868. When he was elected, the American peo

22、ple hoped for an end to turmoil. Grant provided neither vigor nor reform. Looking to Congress for direction, he seemed bewildered. One visitor to the White House noted a puzzled pathos, as of a man with a problem before him of which he does not understand the terms. Born in 1822, Grant was the son o

23、f an Ohio tanner. He went to West Point rather against his will and graduated in the middle of his class. In the Mexican War he fought under Gen. Zachary Taylor. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Grant was working in his fathers leather store in Galena, Illinois. He was appointed by the Governor to

24、command an unruly volunteer regiment. Grant whipped it into shape and by September 1861 he had risen to the rank of brigadier general of volunteers. He sought to win control of the Mississippi Valley. In February 1862 he took Fort Henry and attacked Fort Donelson. When the Confederate commander aske

25、d for terms, Grant replied, No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. The Confederates surrendered, and President Lincoln promoted Grant to major general of volunteers. At Shiloh in April, Grant fought one of the bloodiest battles in the West and came out less well. P

26、resident Lincoln fended off demands for his removal by saying, I cant spare this man-he fights. For his next major objective, Grant maneuvered and fought skillfully to win Vicksburg, the key city on the Mississippi, and thus cut the Confederacy in two. Then he broke the Confederate hold on Chattanoo

27、ga. Lincoln appointed him General-in-Chief in March 1864. Grant directed Sherman to drive through the South while he himself, with the Army of the Potomac, pinned down Gen. Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia. Finally, on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House, Lee surrendered. Grant wrote ou

28、t magnanimous terms of surrender that would prevent treason trials. As President, Grant presided over the Government much as he had run the Army. Indeed he brought part of his Army staff to the White House. Although a man of scrupulous honesty, Grant as President accepted handsome presents from admi

29、rers. Worse, he allowed himself to be seen with two speculators, Jay Gould and James Fisk. When Grant realized their scheme to corner the market in gold, he authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to sell enough gold to wreck their plans, but the speculation had already wrought havoc with business.

30、 During his campaign for re-election in 1872, Grant was attacked by Liberal Republican reformers. He called them narrow-headed men, their eyes so close together that they can look out of the same gimlet hole without winking. The Generals friends in the Republican Party came to be known proudly as th

31、e Old Guard. Grant allowed Radical Reconstruction to run its course in the South, bolstering it at times with military force. After retiring from the Presidency, Grant became a partner in a financial firm, which went bankrupt. About that time he learned that he had cancer of the throat. He started w

32、riting his recollections to pay off his debts and provide for his family, racing against death to produce a memoir that ultimately earned nearly $450,000. Soon after completing the last page, in 1885, he died.Text A Grant and LeeThe Structure of the textPart I (paras1-2) The Appomattox meeting broug

33、ht the Civil War to its virtual end.Part II (paras3-12)How Grant and Lee differed in background, sense of allegiance etc. Para4-6: about LeeSubject-by subject comparison: Para7-9: about GrantThe differences between Grant and Lee: para10-12Part III (paras13-16)What were the qualities they had in comm

34、on:para13-16Language Study:1. Chapter n. any distinct period in history or in a persons life; a subdivision of a written work, usu. numbered and titled. (历史或人生的)重要时期;(书等的)章节e.g. The whole period leading up to the revolution is an interesting chapter in British history.He began a new chapter in life

35、when he entered university.2. To be sure: admittedly; I cant deny诚然 不可否认To be sure, the SARS epidemic has brought about some negative effect on our economy.To be sure, there exist some differences between men and women.3. Poignant a.: deeply moving, highly emotional; producing a sharp feeling of sad

36、ness 深沉的,强烈的;辛酸的The picture awakens poignant memories of happier days.It is especially poignant that he died the day before his wedding.4. Collision n.: the act of coming into disagreement or striking together冲突;碰撞The play represents the collision of three generations.The driver died in a direct col

37、lision between a car and a taxi last night.5. Embody vt.: represent 体现She embodied good sportsmanship on the playing field.His song embodied the spirit of the age.6. Ownership n.: the right or state of being an owner 所有权Do you have any proof of ownership of/for this car?The enterprises were transfer

38、red out of public and into private ownership.7. Key vt. adjust; lock with a key 使适应于, 锁住The books are keyed to the interests of very young children.I taught my daughter how to key the door.8. bring forth: give rise to, produce 产生Why didnt you bring forth your suggestion at the meeting yesterday?Lots

39、 of trees bring forth fruit.9. Solemn a. deeply earnest; serious, grave; formal 郑重的, 严肃的, 庄严的, 正式的I give you my solemn promise that I will do everything I can to help you.Her solemn little face broke into smiles.The memorial service was a very solemn occasion.10. obligation n. sth. Which must be don

40、e because of a duty or promise责任 义务 You have a legal obligation to ensure your child receives a proper education. If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to pay them any money.11.Leadership n. the body of people who lead a group; the activity of leading; the ability to lead领导人

41、员;领导;领导能力There is growing discontent with the leadership.The group flourished under her firm leadership.He lacks leadership qualities.12. Enthusiasm n. passion (usu. followed by for) 热情 One of the good things about teaching young children is their Enthusiasm to learn things.After the accident he los

42、t his Enthusiasm for the sport.13. Come up: become more successful in your job, or to achieve a better position in society地位上升 事业更成功Hes just been made the manager of the Personnel Departmenthes really coming up in the world.From a carpenter to the manager of the famous company, he came up the hard w

43、ay.14. the hard way: in the most difficult way, at a great cost 极其艰巨地,代价高昂地She always does things the hard way.I got the PhD the hard way.15. to a fault: to an exceptional degree 过分地Shes really a sweet person and shes generous to a fault.Kind to a fault, she forgave that unfaithful husband of hers.1

44、6. Surge n. a sudden forward movement, a sudden occurrence涌动 潮流; 突然发生At the end of the game, there was a surge of fans onto the field.A tidal surge caused severe flooding in the coastal areas.17.implicit a. undeclared, unexpressed 不言明的He interpreted her comments as an implicit criticism of the gover

45、nment.I took his silence for implicit agreement.Explicit a. clearly and fully expressed 清楚明确的Please give explicit directions so that children can do the work well. 18. set up shop/in business establish ones business operations 开业They set up shop in a small building but soon expanded.19. Accessible a.: easy to reach (followed by to) 可以或容易进入的Foreign newspapers and magazines are accessible to every one at the local library.20. In relation to : with respect to 与有关; 关于All our positi