英国概况包括历史和文化

1、chapter one: the united kingdom of great britain and northern irelandcontentsunit one :brief introduction of the uk12unit two: the government, politics and economy34unit three: education and literature unit four: culture and social lifeunit 1 a brief introduction to the united kingdomi. different na

2、mes for britain and its partsii. geographical featuresiii. climate and peopleiv. the history of great britainii. different names for britain and its parts1. official name: the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.2.the definition of the uk., great britain and england.england, scotlan

3、d, walesnorthern ireland. great britain ireland hundreds of small ones.the ukgreat britain3.the british isles:(1) england is in the southern part of great britain. it is the largest, most populous section.(2) scotland is in the north of great britain. capital: edinburgh.(3) wales is in the west of g

4、reat britain. capital: cardiff(4) northern ireland is the fourth region of the uk. capital: belfast. the british isles, great britain and england the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland 加的夫加的夫cardiff 贝尔法斯特贝尔法斯特 belfastnorth seanorth atlantic ocean english channel strait of dover nor

5、th and west: highlands east and southeast: lowlands iii. geographical featurestower bridgeoriginkemblemouthnorth seathames rivermaritime climate plenty of rainfall prevailing south-west winds and west wind north atlantic drift( (北大西洋暖流北大西洋暖流) ) humidity & fogthe climate of ukadministrative divisionp

6、opulation(mid 2004) area size(sq km) population density (people per sq km)england 50,093,800 130,281 383 northern ireland 1,710,300 13,576 125 scotland 5,078,400 77,925 65 wales 2,952,500 20,732 142 united kingdom 59,834.900 242,514 246 unequally distributed population 1. the british isles are made

7、up of_ a. two large islands and hundreds of small ones b. two large islands and northern ireland c. three large islands and hundreds of small ones d. three large islands and northern ireland 2. there are three political divisions on the island of great britain. they are_ a. britain， scotland and wal

8、es b. england， scotland and wales c. britain， scotland and ireland d. england， scotland and ireland abexercise:exercise:4. about a hundred years ago, as a result of imperialist expansion, britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the worlds people and _of the worlds land area. one third b. one

9、fifth c. one fourth d. two fifths 3. the capital city of scotland , wales and northern ireland are _, _, _. edinburghcardiffbelfastc1. does britain have a favorable climate1. does britain have a favorable climate？ whywhy？yes, it has a favorable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate-wint

10、ers are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot. it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. it has a small range of temperature too. 2. what are the factors which influence the 2. what are the factors which influence the climate in britainclimate in britain？ which part

11、 of britain has which part of britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driestthe most rainfall and which part is the driest？ 1. the surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2. the prevailing south-west winds bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moder

12、ate;3. the north atlantic drift passes the western coast of the british isles and warms them.3. what are the three natural zones in scotland3. what are the three natural zones in scotland？there is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.the three natural zone

13、s in scotland are: the highlands in the north; the central lowlands, and the south uplands4. what is the main problem in northern ireland4. what is the main problem in northern ireland？hundreds of years ago scots and english protestants were sent to live in northern ireland. since then there has bee

14、n fighting between the protestants and the roman catholics. the former are the dominant group, while the latter are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. the british government and the government of ireland are now working together to bring peace to northern ireland.i. the celti

15、c people from europe (100ad)ii. roman invasion (55bc-410ad)iii. the anglo-saxons from germany (446-871)ivviking and danish invasionsvthe norman conquest (1066)vi. british empire. (1400-1946)vi. the history of great britainvi. the history of great britainunite ii the politics of great britain nationa

16、l flag of the united kingdomnational flag of the united kingdom英格兰，苏格兰和爱尔兰旗帜英格兰，苏格兰和爱尔兰旗帜national emblem national anthem ： “god save the queen”（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为“god save the king”）national flower：rose national bird：红胸鸽红胸鸽 (redbreast/robin)redbreastthe monarchyi. the united kingdom is a

17、constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. .ii. the monarch actually has no real power. the monarchs power are limited by law and parliament. constitutional monarchy began after the glorious revolution in 1688.buckingham palace 宫前维多利亚像宫前维多利亚像victoria memorial 高高帽帽卫卫兵兵 the main

18、functions :the main functions :(1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.the english parliamentthe engl

19、ish parliamentthe british parliament house of lords house of commonspartiesparties1. britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. these two parties are the conservative party and the labour party. 2. the prime minister presides over the cabinet, is responsible for the alloc

20、ation of functions among ministers and informs the queen at regular meetings of general business of the government. the current uk economythe current uk economynational economies can be divided into three main areas:primary industries: agriculture, fishing, and mining. secondary industries: manufact

21、ure complex goods from primary productstertiary industries: banking, insurance, tourism and selling of goods (often described as services ).energy production is an important part of the uk economy, accounting for 5% of the national wealth. great britain has abundant supplies of coal, oil, and natura

22、l gas. the country is self-sufficient in petroleum. agricultural sector:britains agricultural sector is small (producing 1.4% of the national wealth) but efficient, producing 58% of the uks food needs with only 2% of its workforce. the best agricultural land is in the south-east of england.1.ford, g

23、m, peugeot, nissan, toyota: 福特（美国），福特（美国），通用（通用（general motors美国），美国）， 标致（法国），尼桑标致（法国），尼桑（日本），丰田（日本）（日本），丰田（日本）2。英国最后议价独立的（指英国独资的）大汽车公。英国最后议价独立的（指英国独资的）大汽车公司司rover（罗孚）公司，（罗孚）公司， 最近被德国的最近被德国的bmw（宝马）（宝马）公司买下了公司买下了.secondary sector:in the secondary sector of the economy, manufacturing industry remains

24、important, producing 22% of national wealth. britain has a big electronics industry (the fourth largest in the world) but like the car industry (which includes ford, gm, peugeot, nissan, toyota) this is in many cases foreign-owned. britains last major independent car company, rover, was recently bou

25、ght by the german company bmw. 英国老牌车厂罗孚为庆英国老牌车厂罗孚为庆祝祝rover创厂以来的第创厂以来的第一个一百年，原厂特地一个一百年，原厂特地赶造了一批纪念款概念赶造了一批纪念款概念车型车型rover 75 coupe concept，将要限量发行，将要限量发行以纪念此百年华诞！以纪念此百年华诞！上汽支付宝马上汽支付宝马2170万美元万美元取得取得rover商标权商标权劳斯莱斯汽车(rollsroyce) 劳斯莱斯成为英国王室专用车已有数十年历史，爱德华八世、女王伊丽莎白二世、玛格丽特公主、肯特公爵等众多英王室成员的座驾都是劳斯莱斯。 tertiary i

26、ndustries: banking, insurance, tourism and selling of goods (often described as services) 70% of the uks workforce are employed in the service sector. london is one of the top three financial centers in the world the london stock exchangecurrency of britain: english pound (英镑英镑)辅市单位原为先令辅市单位原为先令(shil

27、ling) 和便士（和便士（penny），），1=20先令，先令，1先令先令=12便士便士自自1971年年2月月15日起，辅币单位改为新便士（日起，辅币单位改为新便士（new penny），），1=100新便士新便士正面正面反面反面1便士便士正面正面图案：英国女皇伊丽图案：英国女皇伊丽莎白二世半身像莎白二世半身像反面反面 图案：莎士比亚塑像图案：莎士比亚塑像the literature of great britain英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对

28、文中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁撒克逊、文艺撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。一、中世纪文学（约一、中世纪文学（约5世纪世纪1485） 二、文艺复兴时期文学（二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期世纪后期17世纪初）世纪初） 三、三、17世纪文学世纪文学 四、启蒙时期文学（四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期世纪后期18世纪中期）世纪中期） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（五、浪漫主义时期文学

29、（17981832）六、现实主义时期文学（六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪世纪30年代年代-1918） 七、现代主义文学时期（七、现代主义文学时期（1918-1945） 八、当代文学（八、当代文学（1945 ） beowulf： 贝奥武夫贝奥武夫 it is one of the oldest “old english” literary works in british literature. geoffrey chaucer (ca. 1343-1400) 乔叟：one of the greatest english poets the canterbury tales“ 坎特伯雷故事集 内

30、容提要： 4月的一天，一群香客去坎特伯雷朝圣，投宿在泰巴旅店。次日，店主、香客与在此住宿的作者一起出发。店主提议在去坎特伯雷的路上每人讲两个故事，回来时再讲两个，被大家公认为最佳的讲故事者可以在回来时白吃一顿丰盛的晚餐。 william shakespeare (1564-1616)four tragedies :four comedies :哈姆莱特(hamlet), 奥赛罗(othello),李尔王(king lear),麦克白(macbeth,)威尼斯商人(the merchant of venice) ，第十二夜 (twelfth night(twelfth night），）， 仲夏夜

31、之梦(a midsummer nights dream )无事生非(as you like it)又叫.to be or not to be -that is a question;1whether tis nobler in the mind to sufferthe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneor to take arms against a sea of troubles,and by opposing end them.简简奥斯丁奥斯丁（1775年12月6日1817年7月18日），（austen，jane） main works: c

32、harles dickens，english novlist（1812-1870）main works: the purpose of the british education system“the three rs”( reading, riting and rithmetic) educationeducationii. the relationship between education and social class- class inequality can be erased or continued according to educational policy-the sc

33、hool tie is a clear marker of social classthe famous boys public school (私立中学)：eton (伊顿公学，位于伦敦以西) and winchester （温切斯特公学，位于英格兰南部）the universities: oxford and cambridge (nicknamed: oxbridge)1. pre-primary schooling (up to age 5) - nursery schools (托儿所)，day care(托儿所的日托), or play groups 2. primary scho

34、oling (5-11, 6 years)-mainly state sector, co-educational / mixed primary schools iii. the present education system - comprehensive schools3. secondary schooling (11- around19, 7 years)- grammar schoolsthen after graduated they can1）quit school; 2）or prepare to sit university entrance exams;3）or con

35、centrate on vocational training -gnvqs (general national vocational qualifications 国家专业资格证书): the vocational equivalent of a-levels 4. higher education-only one privately funded university: the university of buckingham -oldest universities: oxford (12th c.) and cambridge (13th c.)* the first degree (the bachelors degree) courses ar