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1、定语从句定语从句一、概念:一、概念:定语从句定语从句:在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词或整个主句的从句。先行词先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。从句前面被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。从句前面是否有先行词,是否被该从句修饰,是判是否有先行词,是否被该从句修饰,是判断该从句是不是定语从句的重要标记之一。断该从句是不是定语从句的重要标记之一。关系词关系词:代替前面的先行词或整个句子的代词或副词代替前面的先行词或整个句子的代词或副词分别称为关系代词、关系副词。关系词必须分别称为关系代词、关系副词。关系词必须在从句中作一成分,否则它不是关系词,也在从句中作一成分,否则它不是关系词,也就没有定语从句了。根据其
2、在从句中所作的就没有定语从句了。根据其在从句中所作的成分选择关系代词或关系副词。成分选择关系代词或关系副词。二、关系代词的选用二、关系代词的选用关系词代替前面的名词、代词或整个句子在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语,这时必须用关系代词。关系代词有who, whom, that, which, whose, as.(一)、先行词是指人的名词或代词时:1.who/whom1).先行词为those, people, all, anyone, one, ones时;2).主句以there be 开头;3).在非限制性定语从句中2.that1).当主句是以who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时;2).先
3、行词既有人又有物时3).关系代词在从句中作表语时;3.whose除此之外除此之外可以互换。可以互换。它们在从它们在从句中作宾句中作宾语时可以语时可以省掉,但省掉,但在介词后在介词后的的which不能省。不能省。= of whom表所属关系,在句中作定语。表所属关系,在句中作定语。 Example:1)A friend _ helps you in time of need is a real friend.2)The man _ was pretending to wave asked him to come closer.3)Those _ want to see the film must
4、 go to the cinema in time.4)All _heard the news were amazed.5)Anyone _ refused to bow was thrown into prison.who/thatwho/thatwhowhowho6) One _doesnt work hard will never be happy.7) People _ can see sometimes act just as foolishly.8) There is a stranger_ wants to see you.9) Abraham Lincoln, _ was mu
5、rdered at a theatre in Washington D.C, died on April !5,1965.10) A new teacher will come tomorrow _will teach you German.11) The student _ was praised at the meeting is the monitor, _is very modest( 谦虚谦虚)and studies very hard.12) There is a teacher _ presents(陈述陈述) the material in the most interesti
6、ng way and _ enjoys what he teaches.13) He is the finest comrade _ I have ever worked with.14) She is the same teacher _ was praised the other day.15) He is the only person _ _understands me.16) Who _ has common sense will do such a thing?17) He talked about the teachers and schools _he had visited.
7、18) He is not the man _he used to be.whowhowhowhowhowhowhowhowhothat/who/whomthat/whothat/whothatthatthat19).Where is the man_ was here just now?20).The old lady_ you talked to is her grandmother.21).Those_ want to see the film can go to buy the tickets.22).Are you the boy_ bike was stolen?23). He_
8、plays with fire gets burned.24). The first person_ I visited was Mr. Jim.25).He is the only one of the teachers_ (know) Japanese in our school.who/thatwho/whom/thatwhowhosewhowho/whom/thatwho knows(二)、先行词是指物的名词或代词时:(二)、先行词是指物的名词或代词时:whichthatwhose1.介词后面介词后面2.先行词为先行词为that 3.非限制性定语从句中非限制性定语从句中1.先行词为不定
9、代词先行词为不定代词2.先行词被先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the same, the last,以及以及序数词序数词或形容词最高级或形容词最高级修饰时修饰时3.先行词既有人又有物时先行词既有人又有物时4.主句是以主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句开头的特殊疑问句5.主语以主语以there be开头时开头时 6.先行词为连系动词先行词为连系动词be后面的表语时后面的表语时 除此之外可除此之外可以互换。它以互换。它们在从句中们在从句中作宾语时可作宾语时可以省掉,但以省掉,但在介词后的在介词后的w
10、hich不能不能省。省。= of which表所属关系,在句中作定语。表所属关系,在句中作定语。1. Is there anything _I can do for you?2. Thats all _ I can save.3. You can take any seat _is free.4. There is little time _I can spare.5. This is the first composition _ I have written in English.6. This is the best film _ has been shown this year.Exa
11、mplethat/xthat/xthatthat/xthatthat/x7. Its a book _ will help you a lot.8. Yesterday I bought two fish,now you can see the two_ still alive in a basin of water.9. She is wearing the same dress _she wore at that meeting.10. I have the same opinion _you have.11. Later my father talked for about an hou
12、r of things and persons_ he remembered in the school.12. There is a seat in the corner _is still free.that/whichthatthatthatthatthat13. China is not the country_ it used to be.14. This is the room in _ we lived last year.15. Cruses dog ,_was not very old, became ill and died.16. Mr. Smith nodded sev
13、eral times and smiled, _rather surprised me.17. Here is the English grammar book _, as I have told you, will help improve your English.that whichwhichwhichwhich18. Ill never forget the days_ we spent in the countryside.19. All the oranges_ she bought me were eaten by my son.20. He has found that_ he
14、 was looking for.21. Look at the house_ roof is red.22. Look at the house the roof_ is red.23. He lives in a room_ window faces to the south.24. He lives in a room the window_ faces to the south.which/that/xthat/xwhichwhoseof whichwhoseof which(三)关系代词(三)关系代词as the sameas 相同或相似相同或相似 the samethat 同一物或
15、同一人同一物或同一人1、such assuchas soas2 、as manyasas muchas3、Example This is the same watch_ I lost yesterday. They are studying _subjects as we are. The book is not such_ I expect. _ books as this are too difficult to beginners. He has _books as I have. You may use_ water as you need.as/that/xthe sameasSuc
16、has manyas much7. Here is _big a stone_ no one can lift.Cf. Here is _big a stone_ no one can lift it.8. This is _a difficult problem_ no student can work out.Cf. This is _a difficult problem_ no student can work it out.9. He is not the same man_ he used to be.Cf. He is not_ he used to be.10. He wear
17、s the same jacket_ I wear.Cf. He wears the same jacket_ he wore yesterday.11. He is not such a fool _ he looks.12. Ive never seen _ a lazy boy_ you.soassothatsuchassuchthataswhatasthat/(as)assuchas(四)(四)as, which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰或限制整引导非限制性定语从句,修饰或限制整个主句个主句从句放在主句前从句放在主句前从句与主句意义一致从句与主句意义一致有有“正如正如”之意之意从句与主
18、句意义不一致从句与主句意义不一致从句的谓语是一个复合结构从句的谓语是一个复合结构从句为否定句从句为否定句从句与主句为因果关系或对主句的评论从句与主句为因果关系或对主句的评论aswhich 除此之除此之外二者外二者可以换可以换用,作用,作宾语时宾语时不能省不能省 1)as(it)seems likely(看来很有可能看来很有可能); 2)as(it) often happens(象往常一样象往常一样); 3)as(it) appears (从从里看得出来里看得出来); 4)as (it) was pointed out; 5)as (it) was said earlier; 6)as /rem
19、ember/understand/see/know等等1.He was a foreigner, _ I know from his looks.2. _ we know now, heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds them back.3. She has married again, _ was expected. She has married again, _ was unexpected.4. The elephant is like a snake, _ is not rig
20、ht.5. He was late for school, _ often happened.as/whichAsaswhichwhichas6. Betty always tells a lie, _ her parents find strange.7. He usually praises his student Rose in public, _ she doesnt like at all.8. He didnt tell us any news, _ upset me.Cf. He told me the news,_ upset me.9. She heard a terribl
21、e noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.10. _ can be seen from his face, he is quite satisfied.whichwhichwhichwhichwhichAs(五)(五) 介词介词+关系代词(关系代词(which/whom),介词在),介词在后面时可用后面时可用that/who, 也可以省掉也可以省掉1. This is the camera _I took some photos yesterday. 2. The boy has taken away her glasses ,_ the old
22、lady can see nothing. 3. Soon they arrived at a farmhouse,_ sat a small boy. 4. The headmaster was an ordinary looking little man, _there was a pair of thick glasses. 5. The medical team is made up of ten doctors, _are from Beijing.6. China has a lot of famous writers, _is Jinyong. in whichwithout w
23、hichin front of whichon whose nosemost of whomone of whom三、关系副词的选用三、关系副词的选用 关系词代替前面的名词或代词在从句中作时间、地点、原因或方式状语,这时必须用关系副词。关系副词有when, where, why, that.(一)先行词是表时间的名词或代词(一)先行词是表时间的名词或代词1 . when=prep.( in, on, at, during)+ which2. 先行词是先行词是day, time, moment时可以用时可以用that,也也可以省掉可以省掉3. 先行词先行词time表示次数时不用表示次数时不用wh
24、en要用要用that, 也可以省掉也可以省掉1)、This is the time _ _he arrives.2)、I will never forget the day _ _ I joined the Party 3 years ago.3)、I will never forget the day _ _ I spent with you last week.when/that/at whichwhen/that/on whichwhich/that/x4). This was the first time _ I had had serious trouble with my boss
25、. 5). I arrived here the day_ he left.6). He hurried into the airport the moment_ the plane was about to take off. 7). He worked hard the whole time_ he lived here.8). October 1, 1949 was the day_ the Peoples Republic of China was founded.that/xwhen/that/on which/xwhen/that/at which/xwhen/that/at which/xwhen/that/on which/x(二)先行词是表地点的名词或代词时(二)先行词是表地点的名词或代词时1. where=prep. (in, on, at) + which2.先行词是先行词是place时,可以用时,可以用that,也可以省掉也可以省掉1) This is the place _ _ _ _ the old farmer lives.2) Standing on the top of the hill, we can see the place _ _the Red Army defeated the enemy troops.3) This is
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