sentencestructure

1、sentence structure句子的成分句子的成分(members of the sentences)句子成分的定义：句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。1.主语主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等。 we often speak english in class.（代词）one-third of

2、the students in this class are girls.（数词）to swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）the rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）when we are going to have an english test has not been decided.（主语从句）句子的成分句子的成分(members of the sentences)i.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：he practic

3、es running every morning.ii.复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：you may keep the book for two weeks. he has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：we are students.2.谓语谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：3.表语表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分

4、词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：the weather has turned cold.（形容词）his job is to teach english.（不定式）the machine must be out of order.（介词短语）time is up. the class is over.（副词）the truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 句子的成分句子的成分(members of the sentences)4.宾语宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如 they w

5、ent to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）the heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）he pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）i enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）i think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如： lend me your dictionary, please.2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）

6、，例如：they elected him their monitor.句子的成分句子的成分(members of the sentences) 5.宾语补足语宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如些及物动词（如make等等+宾语宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例

7、如：his father named him dongming.（名词）they painted their boat white.（形容词）let the fresh air in.（副词）you mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）we saw her entering the room.（现在分词）we found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）we will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） 句子的成分句子的成分(

8、members of the sentences)6.定语定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）china is a developing country; america is a developed country.（分词） there are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）his rapid progress in english made us surprised.（代词）our monitor is always the first to enter the cl

9、assroom.（不定式短语）the teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.状语状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）he has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）he is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式短语）he is in the room making

10、a model plane.（分词短语）wait a minute.（名词）once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）句子的成分句子的成分(members of the sentences)exercise :指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分 .1. the students got on the school bus.主语主语定语定语2. he handed me the newspaper.宾语宾语3. i shall answer your question after class.谓语谓语状语状语4. what

11、a beautiful chinese painting!定语定语5. they went hunting together early in the morning.状语状语状语状语6. his job is to train swimmers.定语定语表语表语7. he took many photos of the palaces in beijing.宾语宾语状语状语8. there is going to be an american film tonight. 谓语谓语主语主语9. he is to leave for shanghai tomorrow.谓语谓语10. his w

12、ish is to become a scientist.主语主语表语表语句子的成分句子的成分(members of the sentences)11. he managed to finish the work in time.谓语谓语宾语宾语12. tom came to ask me for advice.状语状语13. he found it important to master english.形式宾语形式宾语真正宾语真正宾语14. do you have anything else to say?宾语宾语定语定语15. to be honest; your pronunciati

13、on is not so good.插入语插入语状语状语16. would you please tell me your address?宾语宾语17. he sat there, reading a newspaper.状语状语状语状语18. it is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 形式主语形式主语表语表语宾补宾补19. he noticed a man enter the room.宾补宾补20. the apples tasted sweet.表语表语句子的成分句子的成分(members of the sentences

14、)1.subject(主语主语)the sun rises in the east.2.predicate verb.（谓语动词）（谓语动词）we study english.3.predictive（表语）（表语）we are chinese.the sunstudychinese4.object（宾语）（宾语）we love china.5.attributive/attribute（定语）（定语）this is a difficult problem.6.completement(补语补语)we elected him monitor.chinadifficultmonitor7.adv

15、erbial（状语）（状语）he runs fast.8.appositive（同位语）（同位语）this is mr. zhou, our teacher.9.parenthesis（插入语）（插入语）to be frank, i dont agree with you. 句子的成分句子的成分(members of the sentences) fastour teacherto be frank五种基本句型五种基本句型.主语连系动词表语主语连系动词表语he is a teacher.连系动词连系动词be, become, look, seem, appear ,get, feel , gr

16、ow , turn, remain, come, fall, hold, keep , stand, stay, smell ,sound, taste etc.1.这台机器的情况良好。这台机器的情况良好。this machine is in good condition .2.这座花园香气怡人。这座花园香气怡人。the garden smells pleasant .3.丝绸摸起来又软又滑。丝绸摸起来又软又滑。silk feels soft and smooth .主语不及物动词主语不及物动词tom died.great changes have taken place.不及物动词短语不及物

17、动词短语we study hard.常有状语常有状语the shirt washes easily.不及物动词用主动表被动不及物动词用主动表被动汤姆死了汤姆死了taken place4.水开了。水开了。5.他们一直在那儿等了数小时。他们一直在那儿等了数小时。the water is boiling .they have been waiting there for hours.6.火车就要开了。火车就要开了。the train will leave soon.7.旗帜在风中飘动。旗帜在风中飘动。the flags are waving in the wind.主语及物动词宾语主语及物动词宾语我

18、们学习英语我们学习英语we study english.the box weighs 50 pounds.they walked 5 miles.以上句中谓语动词后的名词以上句中谓语动词后的名词不是宾语而是状语不是宾语而是状语.主语及物动词间宾直宾主语及物动词间宾直宾我给他一些钱我给他一些钱i gave him some money.i gave some money to him.he bought me a book.he bought a book for me.他为我买了一本书他为我买了一本书一些间宾可改成由一些间宾可改成由to引起的短语，表示动作引起的短语，表示动作向谁向谁一些间宾可

19、改成由一些间宾可改成由for引起的短语，表示动作引起的短语，表示动作为谁为谁give(给某人给某人), bring(带给某人带给某人), tell(告诉某人告诉某人), send(送给某人送给某人), leave(留给某人留给某人), pass(递给某人递给某人), read(给某人读给某人读), write(给某人写给某人写), take(给某人拿给某人拿), show(给某人看给某人看), teach(教某人教某人), get(给某人弄到给某人弄到), award(授予某人授予某人), lend(借给某人借给某人), rent(租赁某人租赁某人), buy(给某人买给某人买), pay(支

20、付某人支付某人), hand(递给某人递给某人), recommend(将某人推荐给将某人推荐给)等。等。（注：上面各词的中文释义是刻意按照该词（注：上面各词的中文释义是刻意按照该词的常用动词句型而给的的常用动词句型而给的.).主语及物动词宾语宾补主语及物动词宾语宾补we think the job easy.we made him monitor.我们认为这工作容易我们认为这工作容易我们选他当班长我们选他当班长表示独一的头衔，职位或身份的名词表示独一的头衔，职位或身份的名词做宾语补足语时不用冠词做宾语补足语时不用冠词常接复合宾语的词有：常接复合宾语的词有：elect(选举选举) , feel

21、(感觉到感觉到) , find(发现发现) , get(使得使得) , have(使，让使，让) , hear(听到听到) , imagine(想象想象) , keep(保持保持) , make(使使) , notice(注意到注意到) , see(看见看见) , let(使使) , smell(闻到闻到) , start(开始开始) , watch(注视，看注视，看) , appoint(任命任命) , believe(相信相信) , call(称称) , catch(发现发现) , allow(容许容许) , ask(请求请求) , cause(使得使得) , consider(认为认为)

22、 , expect(预期预期) , know(知道知道) , tell(告诉告诉) , think(想，认为想，认为) , want(想要想要) , wish(希望希望) ,listen to(听听) , look at(看看) .总裁任命约翰为营销部经理。总裁任命约翰为营销部经理。president appointed john manager ofmarketing .9.那消息使我很高兴。那消息使我很高兴。the news made me happy . 10.他听见有人在开门。他听见有人在开门。he heard somebody opening the door .11.我发现自己还蒙

23、在鼓里。我发现自己还蒙在鼓里。i found myself in dark .12.那故事使我们笑了起来。那故事使我们笑了起来。the story made us laugh .（二）（二）1.they work hard. 主主 + 谓谓2.the flower is dead. 主主 + 系系 + 表表3.plants need water. 主主 + 谓谓 + 宾宾4.he gives me some seeds. 主主 + 谓谓 + 直宾直宾 + 间宾间宾5.we should keep the plants in the shade. 主主 + 谓谓 + 宾宾 + 宾补宾补6.man

24、y animals live in trees. 主主 + 谓谓7.she likes oranges imported from the usa.8.john likes oranges very much9.stephen apologized at once.10.the teacher asked me to read the passage.11.there lies a book on the desk.12.have you seen the book on the desk?13.she is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.14

25、.john often came to chat with me15.a foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.16.who did you send it to?17.she made herself a new dress指出下列各从句的类型指出下列各从句的类型vi believe that everything is going on well.vshe was reading a novel when i came in.vshe is the girl who sings best in my class.宾语从句宾

26、语从句状语从句状语从句定语从定语从句句vwhere he has gone is not known yet.vwhere there is water, there is life.vi think he must be a doctor.主语从句主语从句状语从句状语从句宾语从宾语从句句vyoud better find it where you left it.vit happened at the time when we left the office.vi want to know who stole my bike.状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句宾语从宾语从句句vthis is

27、the place where i used to live.vthis is where i once livedvthe reason why he was late is that he got up late.定语从句定语从句表语从句表语从句定语从定语从句句 除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词

28、短语）。下的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。下面以基本句型五（面以基本句型五（v+o+o.c）为例：）为例： we found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。我们发现礼堂坐满了。 we found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。 we found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听

29、一个重要报告。我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。 we found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the peoples daily on current affairs in east europe. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。 a lebanese who had left

30、 the country for syria during the conflict between israel and hizbollah, returns with her family following the ceasefire, at the lebanon-syria border in magdel anjar august 14, 2006. s + v a 53-point win over south korea wrapped up a perfect asian exhibition tour for a star-studded u.s. team on its

31、way to the world championships. s + v + o members of hong kong singing group, gillian chung (l) and charlene choi hold a banner which reads “dignity” during a news conference entitled “privacy and dignity: hong kong peoples business” in hong kong august 28, 2006. semi-nude(半裸半裸) photos of chung take

32、n with a hidden camera have sparked an uproar(骚动骚动) among fans and womens right groups. s+ v+o first put forward by the french mathematician pierre de format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a french woman scientist who made a ma

33、jor advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the ecolab polytechnique. （nmet2003.c篇）篇） 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。两个定语从句。 even though there may be a tendency in some rare families to live extraordinarily long, the genetic influence that emerged from the studies of twins was significantly less than mu